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ONTOLOGY REPORT - ANNOTATIONS


Term:glycosaminoglycan biosynthetic process
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Accession:GO:0006024 term browser browse the term
Definition:The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycosaminoglycans, any of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars.
Synonyms:exact_synonym: glycosaminoglycan anabolism;   glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis;   glycosaminoglycan formation;   glycosaminoglycan synthesis



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glycosaminoglycan biosynthetic process term browser
Symbol Object Name Qualifiers Evidence Notes Source PubMed Reference(s) RGD Reference(s) Position
G B3galt6 Beta-1,3-galactosyltransferase 6 involved_in
acts_upstream_of_or_within
ISO
IBA
(PMID:11551958)
GO_REF:0000033
RGD
GO_Central
PMID:11551958 GO_REF:0000033 NCBI chr 5:166,584,202...166,586,338
Ensembl chr 5:166,584,202...166,586,338
JBrowse link
G B3gat1 beta-1,3-glucuronyltransferase 1 involved_in ISO MGI:3759445 (PMID:12032138), (PMID:26659409) RGD PMID:12032138 PMID:26659409 NCBI chr 8:25,087,123...25,114,692
Ensembl chr 8:25,087,547...25,113,395
JBrowse link
G B3gat3 beta-1,3-glucuronyltransferase 3 involved_in ISO (PMID:24425863), (PMID:25893793)
MGI:5697553 (PMID:20164174), (PMID:21771787)
RGD PMID:20164174 PMID:21771787 PMID:24425863 PMID:25893793 NCBI chr 1:205,817,374...205,823,928
Ensembl chr 1:205,817,378...205,837,807
JBrowse link
G B4galt7 beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 7 involved_in ISO (PMID:10438455)
UniProtKB:Q9UBV7 (PMID:20809901), (PMID:33208938)
RGD PMID:10438455 PMID:20809901 PMID:33208938 NCBI chr17:9,018,514...9,027,591
Ensembl chr17:9,018,935...9,027,573
JBrowse link
G Ext1 exostosin glycosyltransferase 1 involved_in ISO (PMID:12907669) RGD PMID:12907669 NCBI chr 7:84,375,769...84,654,625
Ensembl chr 7:84,375,784...84,655,357
JBrowse link
G Ext2 exostosin glycosyltransferase 2 involved_in ISO (PMID:12907669) RGD PMID:12907669 NCBI chr 3:79,665,414...79,798,077
Ensembl chr 3:79,665,415...79,798,059
JBrowse link
G Hexa hexosaminidase subunit alpha involved_in ISO (PMID:25645918) RGD PMID:25645918 NCBI chr 8:59,936,526...59,961,654
Ensembl chr 8:59,936,660...59,962,013
JBrowse link
G Hs3st1 heparan sulfate-glucosamine 3-sulfotransferase 1 involved_in ISO
IEA
(PMID:8900198), (PMID:9988768)
(PMID:15060080)
GO_REF:0000107
RGD
Ensembl
PMID:8900198 PMID:9988768 PMID:15060080 GO_REF:0000107 NCBI chr14:71,185,826...71,223,263
Ensembl chr14:71,185,682...71,223,248
JBrowse link
G Hs3st2 heparan sulfate-glucosamine 3-sulfotransferase 2 involved_in ISS
ISO
GO_REF:0000024
(PMID:9988768)
UniProt
RGD
PMID:9988768 GO_REF:0000024 NCBI chr 1:175,956,161...176,077,400
Ensembl chr 1:175,956,157...176,077,399
JBrowse link
G Hs3st3a1 heparan sulfate-glucosamine 3-sulfotransferase 3A1 involved_in ISO (PMID:15304505), (PMID:9988768) RGD PMID:9988768 PMID:15304505 NCBI chr10:49,092,850...49,180,676
Ensembl chr10:49,094,026...49,180,676
JBrowse link
G Hs3st3b1 heparan sulfate-glucosamine 3-sulfotransferase 3B1 involved_in ISO (PMID:9988768) RGD PMID:9988768 NCBI chr10:48,561,473...48,593,970
Ensembl chr10:48,561,473...48,593,970
JBrowse link
G Pdgfrb platelet derived growth factor receptor beta IMP RGD PMID:11903042 RGD:1581762 NCBI chr18:54,499,962...54,538,840
Ensembl chr18:54,499,964...54,538,843
JBrowse link
G Pxylp1 2-phosphoxylose phosphatase 1 involved_in ISS
IBA
ISO
GO_REF:0000024
GO_REF:0000033
(PMID:24425863)
UniProt
GO_Central
RGD
PMID:24425863 GO_REF:0000024 GO_REF:0000033 NCBI chr 8:97,419,766...97,485,163
Ensembl chr 8:97,419,776...97,485,064
JBrowse link
G Ugdh UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase involved_in IBA GO_REF:0000033 GO_Central GO_REF:0000033 NCBI chr14:42,848,704...42,872,351
Ensembl chr14:42,848,854...42,872,354
JBrowse link
G Xylt1 xylosyltransferase 1 involved_in ISO MGI:5563785 (PMID:24161523) RGD PMID:24161523 NCBI chr 1:171,643,925...171,929,774
Ensembl chr 1:171,643,925...171,926,783
JBrowse link
G Xylt2 xylosyltransferase 2 involved_in
acts_upstream_of_or_within
ISO MGI:3714171 (PMID:17517600) RGD PMID:17517600 NCBI chr10:79,605,910...79,619,482
Ensembl chr10:79,606,007...79,619,391
JBrowse link
chondroitin sulfate biosynthetic process term browser
Symbol Object Name Qualifiers Evidence Notes Source PubMed Reference(s) RGD Reference(s) Position
G AABR07047835.1 involved_in IEA GO_REF:0000117 UniProt GO_REF:0000117 Ensembl chr 5:48,925,362...48,927,475 JBrowse link
G B4galnt3 beta-1,4-N-acetyl-galactosaminyl transferase 3 involved_in IEA GO_REF:0000117 UniProt GO_REF:0000117 NCBI chr 4:153,409,019...153,509,019
Ensembl chr 4:153,409,004...153,509,321
JBrowse link
G B4galnt4 beta-1,4-N-acetyl-galactosaminyl transferase 4 involved_in IEA GO_REF:0000117 UniProt GO_REF:0000117 NCBI chr 1:196,171,394...196,182,294
Ensembl chr 1:196,171,394...196,182,294
JBrowse link
G Chpf chondroitin polymerizing factor involved_in
acts_upstream_of_or_within
ISO
IBA
(PMID:12761225)
MGI:2681120|MGI:5464019 (PMID:22952769), (PMID:22952873)
MGI:1926173|MGI:2681120 (PMID:17253960), (PMID:22952769)
GO_REF:0000033
RGD
GO_Central
PMID:12761225 PMID:17253960 PMID:22952769 PMID:22952873 GO_REF:0000033 NCBI chr 9:76,963,178...76,967,878
Ensembl chr 9:76,963,184...76,967,878
JBrowse link
G Chpf2 chondroitin polymerizing factor 2 involved_in IBA GO_REF:0000033 GO_Central GO_REF:0000033 NCBI chr 4:10,578,470...10,585,940
Ensembl chr 4:10,580,462...10,585,916
JBrowse link
G Chst11 carbohydrate sulfotransferase 11 involved_in
acts_upstream_of_or_within
ISO
IEA
(PMID:11056388)
MGI:1926002 (PMID:10722746), (PMID:21138417)
GO_REF:0000107
RGD
Ensembl
PMID:10722746 PMID:11056388 PMID:21138417 GO_REF:0000107 NCBI chr 7:20,524,535...20,743,008
Ensembl chr 7:20,528,100...20,743,111
JBrowse link
G Chst12 carbohydrate sulfotransferase 12 involved_in ISO (PMID:10781601) RGD PMID:10781601 NCBI chr12:14,110,631...14,129,099
Ensembl chr12:14,110,393...14,129,057
JBrowse link
G Chst13 carbohydrate sulfotransferase 13 involved_in ISO (PMID:12080076) RGD PMID:12080076 NCBI chr 4:122,824,022...122,837,940
Ensembl chr 4:122,824,022...122,838,019
JBrowse link
G Chst3 carbohydrate sulfotransferase 3 acts_upstream_of_or_within
involved_in
IDA
ISO
IBA
IEA
ISS
MGI:2176247 (PMID:11696535), (PMID:9597547)
(PMID:9597547)
GO_REF:0000033
GO_REF:0000107
GO_REF:0000024
(PMID:15215498), (PMID:9883891)
RGD
GO_Central
Ensembl
UniProt
PMID:9597547 PMID:9883891 PMID:11696535 PMID:15215498 PMID:16495484 GO_REF:0000024 GO_REF:0000033 GO_REF:0000107, RGD:1600854 NCBI chr20:28,114,386...28,152,046
Ensembl chr20:28,114,404...28,121,807
JBrowse link
G Chst7 carbohydrate sulfotransferase 7 involved_in ISO
IBA
(PMID:10781596)
GO_REF:0000033
RGD
GO_Central
PMID:10781596 GO_REF:0000033 NCBI chr  X:2,396,260...2,432,828
Ensembl chr  X:2,393,874...2,432,840
JBrowse link
G Chsy1 chondroitin sulfate synthase 1 acts_upstream_of_or_within
involved_in
ISO
IBA
(PMID:11514575)
MGI:106576 (PMID:22952769)
GO_REF:0000033
RGD
GO_Central
PMID:11514575 PMID:22952769 GO_REF:0000033 NCBI chr 1:119,689,626...119,750,711
Ensembl chr 1:119,686,350...119,750,601
JBrowse link
G Chsy3 chondroitin sulfate synthase 3 involved_in IBA
ISO
GO_REF:0000033
MGI:106576 (PMID:17253960)
GO_Central
RGD
PMID:17253960 GO_REF:0000033 NCBI chr18:52,644,356...52,901,257
Ensembl chr18:52,644,461...52,898,098
JBrowse link
G Csgalnact1 chondroitin sulfate N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 1 involved_in ISO
IBA
(PMID:11514575), (PMID:12163485)
MGI:1926002|MGI:4868209 (PMID:17145758), (PMID:25568321), (PMID:29287114)
GO_REF:0000033
RGD
GO_Central
PMID:11514575 PMID:12163485 PMID:17145758 PMID:25568321 PMID:29287114 GO_REF:0000033 NCBI chr16:20,995,210...21,330,586
Ensembl chr16:21,235,784...21,330,319
JBrowse link
G Csgalnact2 chondroitin sulfate N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2 involved_in IBA
ISO
GO_REF:0000033
(PMID:25568321)
GO_Central
RGD
PMID:25568321 GO_REF:0000033 NCBI chr 4:151,271,774...151,308,856
Ensembl chr 4:151,277,645...151,308,839
JBrowse link
G Slc35b2 solute carrier family 35 member B2 involved_in ISO (PMID:35325049) RGD PMID:35325049 NCBI chr 9:15,438,594...15,442,227
Ensembl chr 9:15,438,594...15,442,234
JBrowse link
G Slc35d1 solute carrier family 35 member D1 acts_upstream_of_or_within ISO MGI:3774133 (PMID:17952091) RGD PMID:17952091 NCBI chr 5:117,928,628...117,981,289
Ensembl chr 5:117,934,352...117,981,311
JBrowse link
G Ugdh UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase involved_in IEA
ISO
ISS
GO_REF:0000107
(PMID:14505572)
GO_REF:0000024
Ensembl
RGD
UniProt
PMID:14505572 GO_REF:0000024 GO_REF:0000107 NCBI chr14:42,848,704...42,872,351
Ensembl chr14:42,848,854...42,872,354
JBrowse link
G Xylt1 xylosyltransferase 1 involved_in IEA
ISO
GO_REF:0000041
(PMID:24161523)
UniProt
RGD
PMID:24161523 GO_REF:0000041 NCBI chr 1:171,643,925...171,929,774
Ensembl chr 1:171,643,925...171,926,783
JBrowse link
G Xylt2 xylosyltransferase 2 involved_in IEA GO_REF:0000041 UniProt GO_REF:0000041 NCBI chr10:79,605,910...79,619,482
Ensembl chr10:79,606,007...79,619,391
JBrowse link
dermatan sulfate biosynthetic process term browser
Symbol Object Name Qualifiers Evidence Notes Source PubMed Reference(s) RGD Reference(s) Position
G Chst12 carbohydrate sulfotransferase 12 involved_in ISO (PMID:10781601) RGD PMID:10781601 NCBI chr12:14,110,631...14,129,099
Ensembl chr12:14,110,393...14,129,057
JBrowse link
G Chst14 carbohydrate sulfotransferase 14 acts_upstream_of_or_within ISO (PMID:11470797) RGD PMID:11470797 NCBI chr 3:105,916,481...105,918,538
Ensembl chr 3:105,916,466...105,918,548
JBrowse link
G Dse dermatan sulfate epimerase involved_in ISO (PMID:16505484) RGD PMID:16505484 NCBI chr20:26,118,194...26,196,889
Ensembl chr20:26,118,196...26,196,992
JBrowse link
G Ust uronyl-2-sulfotransferase involved_in ISO (PMID:10187838) RGD PMID:10187838 NCBI chr 1:2,666,983...2,962,276
Ensembl chr 1:2,669,592...2,962,044
JBrowse link
heparin biosynthetic process term browser
Symbol Object Name Qualifiers Evidence Notes Source PubMed Reference(s) RGD Reference(s) Position
G Angpt1 angiopoietin 1 involved_in ISO
IEA
(PMID:19297368)
GO_REF:0000107
RGD
Ensembl
PMID:19297368 GO_REF:0000107 NCBI chr 7:73,528,345...73,783,953
Ensembl chr 7:73,531,486...73,784,067
JBrowse link
G Ext1 exostosin glycosyltransferase 1 acts_upstream_of_or_within
acts_upstream_of_or_within_positive_effect
ISO MGI:108050 (PMID:21148566), (PMID:21310272)
(PMID:10926768), (PMID:15161920), (PMID:15177029), (PMID:18480751)
RGD PMID:10926768 PMID:15161920 PMID:15177029 PMID:18480751 PMID:21148566 More... NCBI chr 7:84,375,769...84,654,625
Ensembl chr 7:84,375,784...84,655,357
JBrowse link
G Ext2 exostosin glycosyltransferase 2 acts_upstream_of_or_within ISO MGI:894663 (PMID:21310272) RGD PMID:21310272 NCBI chr 3:79,665,414...79,798,077
Ensembl chr 3:79,665,415...79,798,059
JBrowse link
G Glce glucuronic acid epimerase involved_in IEA
ISO
GO_REF:0000041
(PMID:11279150)
UniProt
RGD
PMID:11279150 GO_REF:0000041 NCBI chr 8:62,546,104...62,612,144
Ensembl chr 8:62,546,107...62,612,040
JBrowse link
G Ndst1 N-deacetylase and N-sulfotransferase 1 involved_in IEA GO_REF:0000041 UniProt GO_REF:0000041 NCBI chr18:54,136,887...54,199,545
Ensembl chr18:54,140,779...54,178,191
JBrowse link
G Ndst2 N-deacetylase and N-sulfotransferase 2 involved_in IEA GO_REF:0000041 UniProt GO_REF:0000041 NCBI chr15:3,563,515...3,573,801
Ensembl chr15:3,563,358...3,573,801
JBrowse link
G Ndst3 N-deacetylase and N-sulfotransferase 3 involved_in IEA GO_REF:0000041 UniProt GO_REF:0000041 NCBI chr 2:211,702,728...211,868,159
Ensembl chr 2:211,704,898...211,854,584
JBrowse link
G Ndst4 N-deacetylase and N-sulfotransferase 4 involved_in IEA GO_REF:0000041 UniProt GO_REF:0000041 NCBI chr 2:213,787,010...214,119,514
Ensembl chr 2:213,787,006...214,115,373
JBrowse link
G Slc10a7 solute carrier family 10, member 7 involved_in ISO (PMID:30082715) RGD PMID:30082715 NCBI chr19:29,183,143...29,407,470
Ensembl chr19:29,183,155...29,407,464
JBrowse link
G Xylt2 xylosyltransferase 2 acts_upstream_of_or_within
involved_in
ISO
IEA
MGI:3714171 (PMID:17517600)
GO_REF:0000107
RGD
Ensembl
PMID:17517600 GO_REF:0000107 NCBI chr10:79,605,910...79,619,482
Ensembl chr10:79,606,007...79,619,391
JBrowse link
hyaluronan biosynthetic process term browser
Symbol Object Name Qualifiers Evidence Notes Source PubMed Reference(s) RGD Reference(s) Position
G Abcc5 ATP binding cassette subfamily C member 5 involved_in IEA
ISO
GO_REF:0000107
(PMID:17540771)
Ensembl
RGD
PMID:17540771 GO_REF:0000107 NCBI chr11:80,473,809...80,567,257
Ensembl chr11:80,473,872...80,567,253
JBrowse link
G Ccnd3 cyclin D3 IMP RGD PMID:19276076 RGD:2316018 NCBI chr 9:13,394,161...13,400,341
Ensembl chr 9:13,394,169...13,489,371
JBrowse link
G Has1 hyaluronan synthase 1 involved_in
acts_upstream_of_or_within
IBA
ISO
GO_REF:0000033
(PMID:10455188), (PMID:8626618)
(PMID:10617644)
GO_Central
RGD
PMID:8626618 PMID:10455188 PMID:10617644 GO_REF:0000033 NCBI chr 1:58,693,411...58,705,653
Ensembl chr 1:58,693,411...58,705,397
JBrowse link
G Has2 hyaluronan synthase 2 involved_in IEP
ISO
IBA
IEA
PMID:19635555
(PMID:10455188), (PMID:10930438), (PMID:8798545)
GO_REF:0000033
(PMID:17324121), (PMID:20507985), (PMID:22016393), (PMID:30394292)
GO_REF:0000041
RGD
GO_Central
UniProt
PMID:8798545 PMID:10455188 PMID:10930438 PMID:17324121 PMID:20507985 More... GO_REF:0000033 GO_REF:0000041, RGD:8553259 NCBI chr 7:88,113,326...88,139,337
Ensembl chr 7:88,113,326...88,128,933
JBrowse link
G Has3 hyaluronan synthase 3 involved_in
acts_upstream_of_or_within
ISO
IBA
(PMID:16900089)
(PMID:9060470)
(PMID:10455188)
GO_REF:0000033
RGD
GO_Central
PMID:9060470 PMID:10455188 PMID:16900089 GO_REF:0000033 NCBI chr19:34,768,421...34,782,170
Ensembl chr19:34,771,982...34,782,592
JBrowse link
G Il1b interleukin 1 beta involved_in ISO (PMID:15100360) RGD PMID:15100360 NCBI chr 3:116,577,005...116,583,386
Ensembl chr 3:116,577,010...116,583,415
JBrowse link
keratan sulfate biosynthetic process term browser
Symbol Object Name Qualifiers Evidence Notes Source PubMed Reference(s) RGD Reference(s) Position
G B3gnt7 UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 7 involved_in ISO
ISS
(PMID:17690104)
(PMID:29625490)
GO_REF:0000024
RGD
UniProt
PMID:17690104 PMID:29625490 GO_REF:0000024 NCBI chr 9:86,956,220...86,960,171
Ensembl chr 9:86,956,220...86,960,170
JBrowse link
G B4galt4 beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 4 involved_in ISO
ISS
(PMID:17690104), (PMID:32827291)
GO_REF:0000024
RGD
UniProt
PMID:17690104 PMID:32827291 GO_REF:0000024 NCBI chr11:61,995,807...62,021,751
Ensembl chr11:61,995,814...62,021,671
JBrowse link
G Chst1 carbohydrate sulfotransferase 1 involved_in ISO
ISS
(PMID:17690104)
GO_REF:0000024
RGD
UniProt
PMID:17690104 GO_REF:0000024 NCBI chr 3:78,552,059...78,574,740
Ensembl chr 3:78,548,525...78,574,883
JBrowse link
G Chst5 carbohydrate sulfotransferase 5 involved_in ISO
IBA
(PMID:11278593), (PMID:17690104)
GO_REF:0000033
RGD
GO_Central
PMID:11278593 PMID:17690104 GO_REF:0000033 NCBI chr19:39,860,729...39,881,019
Ensembl chr19:39,860,501...39,881,064
JBrowse link
negative regulation of hyaluronan biosynthetic process term browser
Symbol Object Name Qualifiers Evidence Notes Source PubMed Reference(s) RGD Reference(s) Position
G Ap2a1 adaptor related protein complex 2 subunit alpha 1 involved_in ISO (PMID:23509262), (PMID:24251095) RGD PMID:23509262 PMID:24251095 NCBI chr 1:95,384,306...95,414,170
Ensembl chr 1:95,384,309...95,414,147
JBrowse link
G Cltc clathrin heavy chain involved_in ISO
ISS
IEA
(PMID:23509262), (PMID:24251095)
GO_REF:0000024
GO_REF:0000107
RGD
UniProt
Ensembl
PMID:23509262 PMID:24251095 GO_REF:0000024 GO_REF:0000107 NCBI chr10:71,517,661...71,574,591
Ensembl chr10:71,517,663...71,573,737
JBrowse link
G Smpd3 sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 3 involved_in
acts_upstream_of_or_within
IEA
ISO
GO_REF:0000107
MGI:1856877 (PMID:22383528)
Ensembl
RGD
PMID:22383528 GO_REF:0000107 NCBI chr19:34,162,337...34,245,786
Ensembl chr19:34,162,341...34,245,749
JBrowse link
G Tgfb1 transforming growth factor, beta 1 involved_in ISO
ISS
(PMID:17324121)
GO_REF:0000024
RGD
UniProt
PMID:17324121 GO_REF:0000024 NCBI chr 1:81,196,532...81,212,848
Ensembl chr 1:81,196,532...81,212,847
JBrowse link
positive regulation of hyaluronan biosynthetic process term browser
Symbol Object Name Qualifiers Evidence Notes Source PubMed Reference(s) RGD Reference(s) Position
G Egf epidermal growth factor involved_in ISO
IEA
(PMID:17324121)
GO_REF:0000107
RGD
Ensembl
PMID:17324121 GO_REF:0000107 NCBI chr 2:218,219,408...218,302,359
Ensembl chr 2:218,219,415...218,302,064
JBrowse link
G Has2 hyaluronan synthase 2 IDA
IMP
RGD PMID:12186949 PMID:17080198 RGD:9588629, RGD:9588632 NCBI chr 7:88,113,326...88,139,337
Ensembl chr 7:88,113,326...88,128,933
JBrowse link
G Nfkb1 nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1 involved_in ISO
IEA
(PMID:17324121)
GO_REF:0000107
RGD
Ensembl
PMID:17324121 GO_REF:0000107 NCBI chr 2:224,016,214...224,132,135
Ensembl chr 2:224,016,214...224,110,404
JBrowse link
G Pdgfb platelet derived growth factor subunit B involved_in ISO
IEA
ISS
(PMID:17324121)
GO_REF:0000107
GO_REF:0000024
RGD
Ensembl
UniProt
PMID:17324121 GO_REF:0000024 GO_REF:0000107 NCBI chr 7:111,539,444...111,557,984
Ensembl chr 7:111,540,345...111,557,984
JBrowse link
G Ptger4 prostaglandin E receptor 4 IMP RGD PMID:17080198 RGD:9588632 NCBI chr 2:54,330,563...54,347,451
Ensembl chr 2:54,335,424...54,346,670
JBrowse link
regulation of hyaluronan biosynthetic process term browser
Symbol Object Name Qualifiers Evidence Notes Source PubMed Reference(s) RGD Reference(s) Position
G Smpd3 sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 3 acts_upstream_of_or_within ISO MGI:1856877 (PMID:22383528) RGD PMID:22383528 NCBI chr19:34,162,337...34,245,786
Ensembl chr19:34,162,341...34,245,749
JBrowse link

Term paths to the root
Path 1
Term Annotations click to browse term
  biological_process 20052
    cellular process 19130
      metabolic process 11925
        macromolecule metabolic process 9783
          aminoglycan metabolic process 118
            aminoglycan biosynthetic process 68
              glycosaminoglycan biosynthetic process 60
                chondroitin sulfate biosynthetic process 19
                dermatan sulfate biosynthetic process 4
                galactosaminoglycan biosynthetic process 0
                heparin biosynthetic process 10
                hyaluronan biosynthetic process + 14
                keratan sulfate biosynthetic process 4
                peptidoglycan biosynthetic process + 0
paths to the root