Ptger4 (prostaglandin E receptor 4) - Rat Genome Database

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Gene: Ptger4 (prostaglandin E receptor 4) Rattus norvegicus
Analyze
Symbol: Ptger4
Name: prostaglandin E receptor 4
RGD ID: 628641
Description: Enables prostaglandin E receptor activity. Involved in several processes, including MAPK cascade; regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process; and regulation of secretion. Located in neuron projection terminus; neuronal cell body; and nuclear membrane. Used to study acute kidney failure; cystitis; end stage renal disease; myocarditis; and osteoporosis. Biomarker of retinal ischemia and transient cerebral ischemia. Human ortholog(s) of this gene implicated in ankylosing spondylitis; arteriosclerosis; and ulcerative colitis. Orthologous to human PTGER4 (prostaglandin E receptor 4); INTERACTS WITH 17beta-estradiol; 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxine; 2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionitrile.
Type: protein-coding
RefSeq Status: PROVISIONAL
Previously known as: EP4; PGE receptor EP4 subtype; PGE receptor, EP4 subtype; PGE2 receptor EP4 subtype; prostaglandin E receptor 4 (subtype EP4); prostaglandin E2 receptor EP4 subtype; prostaglandin E2 receptor type 4; prostanoid EP4 receptor; Ptger; Ptgerep4
RGD Orthologs
Human
Mouse
Chinchilla
Bonobo
Dog
Squirrel
Pig
Green Monkey
Naked Mole-Rat
Alliance Orthologs
More Info more info ...
Candidate Gene For: Gdil2
Latest Assembly: mRatBN7.2 - mRatBN7.2 Assembly
Position:
Rat AssemblyChrPosition (strand)SourceGenome Browsers
JBrowseNCBIUCSCEnsembl
GRCr8256,061,699 - 56,074,594 (-)NCBIGRCr8
mRatBN7.2254,330,563 - 54,347,451 (-)NCBImRatBN7.2mRatBN7.2
mRatBN7.2 Ensembl254,335,424 - 54,346,670 (-)EnsemblmRatBN7.2 Ensembl
UTH_Rnor_SHR_Utx261,442,386 - 61,453,021 (-)NCBIRnor_SHRUTH_Rnor_SHR_Utx
UTH_Rnor_SHRSP_BbbUtx_1.0259,501,061 - 59,511,697 (-)NCBIRnor_SHRSPUTH_Rnor_SHRSP_BbbUtx_1.0
UTH_Rnor_WKY_Bbb_1.0254,511,378 - 54,522,007 (-)NCBIRnor_WKYUTH_Rnor_WKY_Bbb_1.0
Rnor_6.0254,951,625 - 54,966,470 (-)NCBIRnor6.0Rnor_6.0rn6Rnor6.0
Rnor_6.0 Ensembl254,952,821 - 54,963,448 (-)EnsemblRnor6.0rn6Rnor6.0
Rnor_5.0273,974,390 - 73,987,294 (-)NCBIRnor5.0Rnor_5.0rn5Rnor5.0
RGSC_v3.4254,423,280 - 54,433,907 (-)NCBIRGSC3.4RGSC_v3.4rn4RGSC3.4
RGSC_v3.1254,351,507 - 54,362,753 (-)NCBI
Celera249,982,896 - 49,993,523 (-)NCBICelera
Cytogenetic Map2q16NCBI
JBrowse: View Region in Genome Browser (JBrowse)
Model


Gene-Chemical Interaction Annotations     Click to see Annotation Detail View
(-)-demecolcine  (ISO)
17alpha-ethynylestradiol  (ISO)
17beta-estradiol  (EXP,ISO)
17beta-hydroxy-17-methylestra-4,9,11-trien-3-one  (ISO)
17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one  (ISO)
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxine  (EXP,ISO)
2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionitrile  (EXP)
2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid  (EXP)
2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid  (ISO)
3',5'-cyclic AMP  (ISO)
3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl  (ISO)
3,4-dichloroaniline  (ISO)
3-methylcholanthrene  (ISO)
4-hydroxynon-2-enal  (ISO)
4-hydroxyphenyl retinamide  (ISO)
8-epi-prostaglandin E2  (ISO)
acetamide  (EXP)
afimoxifene  (ISO)
aflatoxin B1  (ISO)
AH23848  (ISO)
aldehydo-D-glucose  (EXP)
all-trans-retinoic acid  (ISO)
alternariol  (ISO)
ammonium chloride  (EXP)
antirheumatic drug  (ISO)
aristolochic acid A  (ISO)
bellidifolin  (ISO)
benzo[a]pyrene  (ISO)
benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide I  (ISO)
bexarotene  (ISO)
bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate  (EXP)
bisphenol A  (EXP,ISO)
Botulinum toxin type A  (EXP)
butanal  (ISO)
cadmium atom  (ISO)
cadmium dichloride  (EXP)
calcitriol  (ISO)
captan  (ISO)
carbon nanotube  (ISO)
celecoxib  (EXP)
choline  (ISO)
cisplatin  (ISO)
cobalt dichloride  (ISO)
copper atom  (ISO)
copper(0)  (ISO)
cordycepin  (ISO)
crocidolite asbestos  (ISO)
crotonaldehyde  (ISO)
Cryptotanshinone  (ISO)
cyclophosphamide  (EXP)
D-glucose  (EXP)
D-mannitol  (EXP)
dextran sulfate  (ISO)
dibutyl phthalate  (EXP)
Dicyclohexyl phthalate  (EXP)
dieldrin  (ISO)
dioxygen  (ISO)
disodium selenite  (ISO)
diuron  (EXP,ISO)
dorsomorphin  (ISO)
doxorubicin  (ISO)
enzalutamide  (ISO)
folic acid  (ISO)
folpet  (ISO)
formaldehyde  (ISO)
fulvestrant  (ISO)
furosemide  (ISO)
glucose  (EXP)
hydrazine  (ISO)
iron dichloride  (ISO)
isoliquiritigenin  (ISO)
kenpaullone  (EXP)
ketorolac  (EXP)
L-methionine  (ISO)
lipopolysaccharide  (ISO)
mercury dibromide  (ISO)
methyl methanesulfonate  (ISO)
methylisothiazolinone  (ISO)
mifepristone  (EXP)
mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate  (EXP,ISO)
nickel atom  (ISO)
nickel sulfate  (ISO)
niclosamide  (ISO)
Nonylphenol  (EXP)
NS-398  (EXP,ISO)
ochratoxin A  (ISO)
oxidopamine  (ISO)
ozone  (ISO)
paclitaxel  (EXP)
panobinostat  (ISO)
paracetamol  (EXP,ISO)
perfluorooctane-1-sulfonic acid  (ISO)
phenylmercury acetate  (ISO)
pirinixic acid  (ISO)
piroxicam  (ISO)
pristane  (ISO)
progesterone  (EXP)
prostaglandin E2  (EXP,ISO)
puromycin  (ISO)
Rebamipide  (EXP)
resveratrol  (ISO)
S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine  (ISO)
SB 431542  (ISO)
silicon dioxide  (ISO)
sodium arsenite  (ISO)
sodium dichromate  (ISO)
sodium hydrogensulfite  (EXP)
sodium sulfite  (EXP)
sulfur dioxide  (EXP)
tamoxifen  (ISO)
testosterone  (ISO)
tetrachloromethane  (ISO)
thioacetamide  (EXP)
thiram  (ISO)
titanium dioxide  (ISO)
trichostatin A  (ISO)
triclosan  (ISO)
triptonide  (ISO)
urethane  (ISO)
valproic acid  (ISO)
vancomycin  (ISO)
vincristine  (ISO)
vinyl carbamate  (ISO)
zoledronic acid  (ISO)

Gene Ontology Annotations     Click to see Annotation Detail View

Biological Process
adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway  (IBA)
adenylate cyclase-modulating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway  (IEA,ISO,ISS)
bone development  (IDA)
cellular response to glucose stimulus  (IEP)
cellular response to interleukin-1  (IEP)
cellular response to mechanical stimulus  (IEA,ISO,ISS)
cellular response to prostaglandin E stimulus  (IBA,IEP)
chemokinesis  (IMP)
ductus arteriosus closure  (IMP)
ERK1 and ERK2 cascade  (IDA)
female pregnancy  (IEP)
immune response  (ISO)
inflammatory response  (IBA)
JNK cascade  (IDA)
maternal process involved in parturition  (IEP)
negative regulation of cytokine production  (IEA,ISO,ISS)
negative regulation of ductus arteriosus closure  (IMP)
negative regulation of endothelin production  (IMP)
negative regulation of eosinophil extravasation  (IEA,ISO,ISS)
negative regulation of hydrogen peroxide metabolic process  (IMP)
negative regulation of inflammatory response  (IBA,IEA,ISO,ISS)
negative regulation of integrin activation  (IEA,ISO,ISS)
negative regulation of interleukin-1 alpha production  (IMP)
negative regulation of nitric-oxide synthase biosynthetic process  (IMP)
negative regulation of peptide secretion  (IMP)
negative regulation of small intestine smooth muscle contraction  (IMP)
negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor production  (IMP)
positive regulation of antral ovarian follicle growth  (IMP)
positive regulation of bone resorption  (IMP)
positive regulation of calcitonin secretion  (IMP)
positive regulation of cAMP-mediated signaling  (IMP)
positive regulation of cell adhesion  (IMP)
positive regulation of cell population proliferation  (IMP)
positive regulation of chemokinesis  (IMP)
positive regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep  (IMP)
positive regulation of cytokine production  (IEA,ISO,ISS)
positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration  (IBA)
positive regulation of gene expression  (IMP)
positive regulation of hyaluronan biosynthetic process  (IMP)
positive regulation of inflammatory response  (IEA,ISO,ISS)
positive regulation of interleukin-10 production  (IMP)
positive regulation of interleukin-8 production  (IMP)
positive regulation of matrix metallopeptidase secretion  (IMP)
positive regulation of mucus secretion  (IMP)
positive regulation of neutrophil extravasation  (IMP)
positive regulation of ossification  (IMP)
positive regulation of osteoblast differentiation  (IMP)
positive regulation of ovarian follicle development  (IMP)
positive regulation of protein phosphorylation  (IMP)
positive regulation of protein secretion  (IMP)
positive regulation of smooth muscle cell migration  (IMP)
positive regulation of substance P secretion  (IMP)
positive regulation of substance P secretion, neurotransmission  (IMP)
positive regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein  (IMP)
positive regulation of urine volume  (IMP)
positive regulation of wound healing  (IMP)
regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, wakefulness  (IMP)
regulation of ossification  (IEA,ISO)
regulation of stress fiber assembly  (IEA,ISO,ISS)
response to amino acid  (IEP)
response to interleukin-1  (IEP)
response to lipopolysaccharide  (IEA,ISO)
response to mechanical stimulus  (ISO)
response to nematode  (IEA,ISO)
response to organic cyclic compound  (IEP)
response to progesterone  (IEP)
response to prostaglandin E  (IEP)
response to salt  (IEP)
response to water-immersion restraint stress  (IEP)
response to xenobiotic stimulus  (IEP)
T-helper cell differentiation  (IEA,ISO,ISS)

Cellular Component

Molecular Function

References

References - curated
# Reference Title Reference Citation
1. Localization of functional prostaglandin E2 receptors EP3 and EP4 in the nuclear envelope. Bhattacharya M, etal., J Biol Chem. 1999 May 28;274(22):15719-24.
2. Discovery of highly selective EP4 receptor agonists that stimulate new bone formation and restore bone mass in ovariectomized rats. Cameron KO, etal., Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2006 Apr 1;16(7):1799-802. Epub 2006 Jan 26.
3. Stimulation of EP4 receptor enhanced bone consolidation during distraction osteogenesis. Chang F, etal., J Orthop Res. 2007 Feb;25(2):221-9.
4. A novel antagonist of the prostaglandin E(2) EP(4) receptor inhibits Th1 differentiation and Th17 expansion and is orally active in arthritis models. Chen Q, etal., Br J Pharmacol. 2010 May;160(2):292-310. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00647.x.
5. Expression and regulation of the rat prostaglandin E2 receptor type 4 (EP4) in pregnant cervical tissue. Chien EK and Macgregor C, Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003 Nov;189(5):1501-10.
6. Expression of prostaglandin E2 receptor subtypes, EP2 and EP4, in the rat hippocampus after cerebral ischemia and ischemic tolerance. Choi JS, etal., Cell Tissue Res. 2006 May;324(2):203-11. Epub 2006 Jan 26.
7. Intravesical immune suppression by liposomal tacrolimus in cyclophosphamide-induced inflammatory cystitis. Chuang YC, etal., Neurourol Urodyn. 2011 Mar;30(3):421-7. doi: 10.1002/nau.20981. Epub 2010 Sep 21.
8. Association between prostaglandin E receptor subtype EP4 overexpression and unstable phenotype in atherosclerotic plaques in human. Cipollone F, etal., Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005 Sep;25(9):1925-31. Epub 2005 Jul 14.
9. MF498 [N-{[4-(5,9-Diethoxy-6-oxo-6,8-dihydro-7H-pyrrolo[3,4-g]quinolin-7-yl)-3-methylbe nzyl]sulfonyl}-2-(2-methoxyphenyl)acetamide], a selective E prostanoid receptor 4 antagonist, relieves joint inflammation and pain in rodent models of rheumatoid and osteoarthritis. Clark P, etal., J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2008 May;325(2):425-34. doi: 10.1124/jpet.107.134510. Epub 2008 Feb 20.
10. Role of prostaglandin E2 receptor subtypes in ovarian follicle growth in the rat in vivo. Correlation with interleukin-8 and neutrophils. El-Nefiawy N, etal., Histol Histopathol. 2005 Jul;20(3):825-31.
11. Interaction between ERAP1 and HLA-B27 in ankylosing spondylitis implicates peptide handling in the mechanism for HLA-B27 in disease susceptibility. Evans DM, etal., Nat Genet. 2011 Jul 10;43(8):761-7. doi: 10.1038/ng.873.
12. Prostaglandin E2 activates Stat3 in neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes: A role in cardiac hypertrophy. Frias MA, etal., Cardiovasc Res. 2007 Jan 1;73(1):57-65. Epub 2006 Sep 27.
13. Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium. Gaudet P, etal., Brief Bioinform. 2011 Sep;12(5):449-62. doi: 10.1093/bib/bbr042. Epub 2011 Aug 27.
14. Rat ISS GO annotations from GOA human gene data--August 2006 GOA data from the GO Consortium
15. Role of PGE-type receptor 4 in auditory function and noise-induced hearing loss in mice. Hamaguchi K, etal., Neuropharmacology. 2012 Mar;62(4):1841-7. Epub 2011 Dec 16.
16. Cyclooxygenase-2/prostaglandin E2 accelerates the healing of gastric ulcers via EP4 receptors. Hatazawa R, etal., Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2007 Oct;293(4):G788-97. Epub 2007 Aug 2.
17. EP4 agonist inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced mucus secretion in airway epithelial cells. Hattori R, etal., Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2008 Jan;117(1):51-8.
18. Hormonal regulation of prostaglandin E2 receptors: localization and expression in rat cervical tissue. Hinton AC, etal., Reprod Sci. 2010 Feb;17(2):136-46. doi: 10.1177/1933719109348068. Epub 2009 Oct 2.
19. Improvement of cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease model mice by genetic and pharmacological inhibition of the EP(4) receptor. Hoshino T, etal., J Neurochem. 2012 Mar;120(5):795-805. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07567.x. Epub 2012 Jan 23.
20. Differential regulation of renal prostaglandin receptor mRNAs by dietary salt intake in the rat. Jensen BL, etal., Kidney Int. 1999 Aug;56(2):528-37.
21. Comparison of prostaglandin E2 receptor subtype 4 agonist and sulfasalazine in mouse colitis prevention and treatment. Jiang GL, etal., J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2010 Dec;335(3):546-52. Epub 2010 Sep 10.
22. Activation of EP4 receptors contributes to prostaglandin E2-mediated stimulation of renal sensory nerves. Kopp UC, etal., Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2004 Dec;287(6):F1269-82. Epub 2004 Aug 3.
23. 16,16-Dimethyl prostaglandin E2 inhibits indomethacin-induced small intestinal lesions through EP3 and EP4 receptors. Kunikata T, etal., Dig Dis Sci. 2002 Apr;47(4):894-904.
24. Up-regulation of prostaglandin E receptor EP2 and EP4 subtypes in rat synovial tissues with adjuvant arthritis. Kurihara Y, etal., Clin Exp Immunol. 2001 Feb;123(2):323-30.
25. Investigation of multiple susceptibility loci for inflammatory bowel disease in an Italian cohort of patients. Latiano A, etal., PLoS One. 2011;6(7):e22688. Epub 2011 Jul 27.
26. A selective EP4 PGE2 receptor agonist alleviates disease in a new mouse model of X-linked nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Li JH, etal., J Clin Invest. 2009 Oct;119(10):3115-26. doi: 10.1172/JCI39680.
27. Signaling via the prostaglandin E(2) receptor EP4 exerts neuronal and vascular protection in a mouse model of cerebral ischemia. Liang X, etal., J Clin Invest. 2011 Nov;121(11):4362-71. doi: 10.1172/JCI46279. Epub 2011 Oct 3.
28. Prostaglandin E2 EP4 receptor-selective agonist facilitates sternal healing after harvesting bilateral internal thoracic arteries in diabetic rats. Marui A, etal., J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2006 Mar;131(3):587-93.
29. Rat ISS GO annotations from MGI mouse gene data--August 2006 MGD data from the GO Consortium
30. EP2 and EP4 receptors differentially mediate MAPK pathways underlying anabolic actions of prostaglandin E2 on bone formation in rat calvaria cell cultures. Minamizaki T, etal., Bone. 2009 Jun;44(6):1177-85. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2009.02.010. Epub 2009 Feb 21.
31. In vivo reopening of the neonatal ductus arteriosus by a prostanoid EP4-receptor agonist in the rat. Momma K, etal., Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. 2005 Dec;78(1-4):117-28. Epub 2005 Jun 8.
32. Increased expression of cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 in the diabetic rat renal medulla. Nasrallah R, etal., Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2003 Dec;285(6):F1068-77. Epub 2003 Jul 29.
33. The anti-inflammatory mechanism of prostaglandin e2 receptor 4 activation in rat experimental autoimmune myocarditis. Ngoc PB, etal., J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2011 Mar;57(3):365-72.
34. Expression of the EP4 prostaglandin E2 receptor subtype with rat dextran sodium sulphate colitis: colitis suppression by a selective agonist, ONO-AE1-329. Nitta M, etal., Scand J Immunol 2002 Jul;56(1):66-75.
35. Relationship of EP(1-4) prostaglandin receptors with rat hypothalamic cell groups involved in lipopolysaccharide fever responses. Oka T, etal., J Comp Neurol. 2000 Dec 4;428(1):20-32.
36. Effects of the selective EP4 antagonist, CJ-023,423 on chronic inflammation and bone destruction in rat adjuvant-induced arthritis. Okumura T, etal., J Pharm Pharmacol. 2008 Jun;60(6):723-30. doi: 10.1211/jpp.60.6.0007.
37. Characterization of temporal and cell-specific changes in transcripts for prostaglandin E(2) receptors in pseudopregnant rat endometrium. Papay KD and Kennedy TG, Biol Reprod. 2000 Jun;62(6):1515-25.
38. GOA pipeline RGD automated data pipeline
39. ClinVar Automated Import and Annotation Pipeline RGD automated import pipeline for ClinVar variants, variant-to-disease annotations and gene-to-disease annotations
40. Data Import for Chemical-Gene Interactions RGD automated import pipeline for gene-chemical interactions
41. A prostaglandin E2 receptor subtype EP4 agonist attenuates cardiovascular depression in endotoxin shock by inhibiting inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide production. Sakamoto A, etal., Shock. 2004 Jul;22(1):76-81.
42. Patent ductus arteriosus and neonatal death in prostaglandin receptor EP4-deficient mice. Segi E, etal., Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1998 May 8;246(1):7-12.
43. Cyclooxygenase-2 in human and experimental ischemic proliferative retinopathy. Sennlaub F, etal., Circulation. 2003 Jul 15;108(2):198-204. Epub 2003 Jun 23.
44. A selective EP4 receptor antagonist abrogates the stimulation of osteoblast recruitment from bone marrow stromal cells by prostaglandin E2 in vivo and in vitro. Shamir D, etal., Bone. 2004 Jan;34(1):157-62.
45. Prostaglandin receptor subtypes, EP3C and EP4, mediate the prostaglandin E2-induced cAMP production and sensitization of sensory neurons. Southall MD and Vasko MR, J Biol Chem. 2001 May 11;276(19):16083-91. Epub 2001 Feb 14.
46. Role of prostaglandin E2 in the synthesis of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 in primary sensory neurons: an in vivo and in vitro study. St-Jacques B and Ma W, J Neurochem. 2011 Sep;118(5):841-54. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07230.x. Epub 2011 Mar 28.
47. Effect of rebamipide on prostaglandin EP4 receptor gene expression in rat gastric mucosa. Suetsugu H, etal., J Lab Clin Med. 2000 Jul;136(1):50-7.
48. Effects of selective prostaglandin EP4 receptor antagonist on osteoclast formation and bone resorption in vitro. Tomita M, etal., Bone 2002 Jan;30(1):159-63.
49. PGE2 exerts its effect on the LPS-induced release of TNF-alpha, ET-1, IL-1alpha, IL-6 and IL-10 via the EP2 and EP4 receptor in rat liver macrophages. Treffkorn L, etal., Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. 2004 Oct;74(1-4):113-23.
50. Role of EP2 and EP4 receptor-selective agonists of prostaglandin E(2) in acute and chronic kidney failure. Vukicevic S, etal., Kidney Int. 2006 Sep;70(6):1099-106. Epub 2006 Jul 26.
51. Expression of the prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) receptor subtype EP(4) and its regulation by PGE(2) in osteoblastic cell lines and adult rat bone tissue. Weinreb M, etal., Bone. 2001 Mar;28(3):275-81.
52. Chronic activation of the prostaglandin receptor EP4 promotes hyaluronan-mediated neointimal formation in the ductus arteriosus. Yokoyama U, etal., J Clin Invest. 2006 Nov;116(11):3026-34.
53. Inhibition of EP4 Signaling Attenuates Aortic Aneurysm Formation. Yokoyama U, etal., PLoS One. 2012;7(5):e36724. Epub 2012 May 3.
54. Stimulation of bone formation and prevention of bone loss by prostaglandin E EP4 receptor activation. Yoshida K, etal., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Apr 2;99(7):4580-5. Epub 2002 Mar 26.
55. Prostaglandin E (EP) receptor subtypes and sleep: promotion by EP4 and inhibition by EP1/EP2. Yoshida Y, etal., Neuroreport. 2000 Jul 14;11(10):2127-31.
56. Selective regulation of RNK-16 cell matrix metalloproteinases by the EP4 subtype of prostaglandin E2 receptor. Zeng L, etal., Biochemistry. 1996 Jun 4;35(22):7159-64.
57. A functional analysis of EP4 receptor-expressing neurons in mediating the action of prostaglandin E2 within specific nuclei of the brain in response to circulating interleukin-1beta. Zhang J and Rivest S, J Neurochem. 2000 May;74(5):2134-45.
Additional References at PubMed
PMID:8163486   PMID:8185583   PMID:8862514   PMID:9537820   PMID:10749873   PMID:11602631   PMID:12853415   PMID:14552899   PMID:14665434   PMID:15194560   PMID:15626689   PMID:15834430  
PMID:16424369   PMID:17110143   PMID:17943254   PMID:17947453   PMID:18270204   PMID:18684231   PMID:18843255   PMID:19465928   PMID:20586869   PMID:20713561   PMID:21549696   PMID:21681739  
PMID:21723865   PMID:21768374   PMID:21840386   PMID:21939736   PMID:22061836   PMID:23220160   PMID:24146253   PMID:24560715   PMID:24849498   PMID:25263346   PMID:27060485   PMID:29031391  
PMID:31455205   PMID:32094439   PMID:32165825   PMID:34003864   PMID:36889213  


Genomics

Comparative Map Data
Ptger4
(Rattus norvegicus - Norway rat)
Rat AssemblyChrPosition (strand)SourceGenome Browsers
JBrowseNCBIUCSCEnsembl
GRCr8256,061,699 - 56,074,594 (-)NCBIGRCr8
mRatBN7.2254,330,563 - 54,347,451 (-)NCBImRatBN7.2mRatBN7.2
mRatBN7.2 Ensembl254,335,424 - 54,346,670 (-)EnsemblmRatBN7.2 Ensembl
UTH_Rnor_SHR_Utx261,442,386 - 61,453,021 (-)NCBIRnor_SHRUTH_Rnor_SHR_Utx
UTH_Rnor_SHRSP_BbbUtx_1.0259,501,061 - 59,511,697 (-)NCBIRnor_SHRSPUTH_Rnor_SHRSP_BbbUtx_1.0
UTH_Rnor_WKY_Bbb_1.0254,511,378 - 54,522,007 (-)NCBIRnor_WKYUTH_Rnor_WKY_Bbb_1.0
Rnor_6.0254,951,625 - 54,966,470 (-)NCBIRnor6.0Rnor_6.0rn6Rnor6.0
Rnor_6.0 Ensembl254,952,821 - 54,963,448 (-)EnsemblRnor6.0rn6Rnor6.0
Rnor_5.0273,974,390 - 73,987,294 (-)NCBIRnor5.0Rnor_5.0rn5Rnor5.0
RGSC_v3.4254,423,280 - 54,433,907 (-)NCBIRGSC3.4RGSC_v3.4rn4RGSC3.4
RGSC_v3.1254,351,507 - 54,362,753 (-)NCBI
Celera249,982,896 - 49,993,523 (-)NCBICelera
Cytogenetic Map2q16NCBI
PTGER4
(Homo sapiens - human)
Human AssemblyChrPosition (strand)SourceGenome Browsers
JBrowseNCBIUCSCEnsembl
GRCh38540,679,915 - 40,746,800 (+)NCBIGRCh38GRCh38hg38GRCh38
GRCh38.p14 Ensembl540,679,915 - 40,693,735 (+)EnsemblGRCh38hg38GRCh38
GRCh37540,680,017 - 40,693,837 (+)NCBIGRCh37GRCh37hg19GRCh37
Build 36540,715,789 - 40,729,594 (+)NCBINCBI36Build 36hg18NCBI36
Build 34540,715,788 - 40,729,592NCBI
Celera540,568,598 - 40,582,403 (+)NCBICelera
Cytogenetic Map5p13.1NCBI
HuRef540,632,020 - 40,645,825 (+)NCBIHuRef
CHM1_1540,681,992 - 40,695,797 (+)NCBICHM1_1
T2T-CHM13v2.0540,936,331 - 41,003,197 (+)NCBIT2T-CHM13v2.0
Ptger4
(Mus musculus - house mouse)
Mouse AssemblyChrPosition (strand)SourceGenome Browsers
JBrowseNCBIUCSCEnsembl
GRCm39155,262,880 - 5,273,668 (-)NCBIGRCm39GRCm39mm39
GRCm39 Ensembl155,236,142 - 5,273,668 (-)EnsemblGRCm39 Ensembl
GRCm38155,233,399 - 5,244,187 (-)NCBIGRCm38GRCm38mm10GRCm38
GRCm38.p6 Ensembl155,206,661 - 5,244,187 (-)EnsemblGRCm38mm10GRCm38
MGSCv37155,183,404 - 5,193,831 (-)NCBIGRCm37MGSCv37mm9NCBIm37
MGSCv36155,181,080 - 5,191,046 (-)NCBIMGSCv36mm8
Celera155,082,719 - 5,093,146 (-)NCBICelera
Cytogenetic Map15A1NCBI
cM Map151.99NCBI
Ptger4
(Chinchilla lanigera - long-tailed chinchilla)
Chinchilla AssemblyChrPosition (strand)SourceGenome Browsers
JBrowseNCBIUCSCEnsembl
ChiLan1.0 EnsemblNW_00495542624,997,811 - 25,010,822 (+)EnsemblChiLan1.0
ChiLan1.0NW_00495542624,997,811 - 25,010,822 (+)NCBIChiLan1.0ChiLan1.0
PTGER4
(Pan paniscus - bonobo/pygmy chimpanzee)
Bonobo AssemblyChrPosition (strand)SourceGenome Browsers
JBrowseNCBIUCSCEnsembl
NHGRI_mPanPan1-v2469,643,990 - 69,657,266 (-)NCBINHGRI_mPanPan1-v2
NHGRI_mPanPan1567,797,598 - 67,810,852 (-)NCBINHGRI_mPanPan1
Mhudiblu_PPA_v0569,686,906 - 69,700,739 (-)NCBIMhudiblu_PPA_v0Mhudiblu_PPA_v0panPan3
PanPan1.1574,731,470 - 74,745,121 (-)NCBIpanpan1.1PanPan1.1panPan2
PanPan1.1 Ensembl574,731,470 - 74,745,148 (-)Ensemblpanpan1.1panPan2
PTGER4
(Canis lupus familiaris - dog)
Dog AssemblyChrPosition (strand)SourceGenome Browsers
JBrowseNCBIUCSCEnsembl
CanFam3.1468,663,362 - 68,676,241 (-)NCBICanFam3.1CanFam3.1canFam3CanFam3.1
CanFam3.1 Ensembl468,663,364 - 68,676,358 (-)EnsemblCanFam3.1canFam3CanFam3.1
Dog10K_Boxer_Tasha468,339,460 - 68,352,693 (-)NCBIDog10K_Boxer_Tasha
ROS_Cfam_1.0469,169,559 - 69,182,795 (-)NCBIROS_Cfam_1.0
ROS_Cfam_1.0 Ensembl469,169,566 - 69,182,795 (-)EnsemblROS_Cfam_1.0 Ensembl
UMICH_Zoey_3.1468,929,030 - 68,942,269 (-)NCBIUMICH_Zoey_3.1
UNSW_CanFamBas_1.0469,042,114 - 69,055,368 (-)NCBIUNSW_CanFamBas_1.0
UU_Cfam_GSD_1.0469,581,192 - 69,594,491 (-)NCBIUU_Cfam_GSD_1.0
Ptger4
(Ictidomys tridecemlineatus - thirteen-lined ground squirrel)
Squirrel AssemblyChrPosition (strand)SourceGenome Browsers
JBrowseNCBIUCSCEnsembl
HiC_Itri_2NW_024407213229,454,672 - 229,468,133 (+)NCBIHiC_Itri_2
SpeTri2.0 EnsemblNW_0049365181,903,725 - 1,916,746 (-)EnsemblSpeTri2.0SpeTri2.0 Ensembl
SpeTri2.0NW_0049365181,903,636 - 1,916,746 (-)NCBISpeTri2.0SpeTri2.0SpeTri2.0
PTGER4
(Sus scrofa - pig)
Pig AssemblyChrPosition (strand)SourceGenome Browsers
JBrowseNCBIUCSCEnsembl
Sscrofa11.1 Ensembl1625,670,862 - 25,686,552 (+)EnsemblSscrofa11.1susScr11Sscrofa11.1
Sscrofa11.11625,670,832 - 25,686,556 (+)NCBISscrofa11.1Sscrofa11.1susScr11Sscrofa11.1
PTGER4
(Chlorocebus sabaeus - green monkey)
Green Monkey AssemblyChrPosition (strand)SourceGenome Browsers
JBrowseNCBIUCSCEnsembl
ChlSab1.1439,440,697 - 39,453,983 (+)NCBIChlSab1.1ChlSab1.1chlSab2
ChlSab1.1 Ensembl439,440,276 - 39,454,004 (+)EnsemblChlSab1.1ChlSab1.1 EnsemblchlSab2
Vero_WHO_p1.0NW_02366607129,862,058 - 29,876,121 (+)NCBIVero_WHO_p1.0Vero_WHO_p1.0
Ptger4
(Heterocephalus glaber - naked mole-rat)
Naked Mole-Rat AssemblyChrPosition (strand)SourceGenome Browsers
JBrowseNCBIUCSCEnsembl
HetGla_female_1.0 EnsemblNW_00462475914,244,899 - 14,258,445 (-)EnsemblHetGla_female_1.0HetGla_female_1.0 EnsemblhetGla2
HetGla 1.0NW_00462475914,243,887 - 14,259,090 (-)NCBIHetGla_female_1.0HetGla 1.0hetGla2

Variants

.
Variants in Ptger4
67 total Variants
miRNA Target Status

Predicted Target Of
Summary Value
Count of predictions:41
Count of miRNA genes:33
Interacting mature miRNAs:41
Transcripts:ENSRNOT00000017886
Prediction methods:Miranda, Rnahybrid, Targetscan
Result types:miRGate_prediction

The detailed report is available here: Full Report CSV TAB Printer

miRNA Target Status data imported from miRGate (http://mirgate.bioinfo.cnio.es/).
For more information about miRGate, see PMID:25858286 or access the full paper here.


QTLs in Region (mRatBN7.2)
The following QTLs overlap with this region.    Full Report CSV TAB Printer Gviewer
RGD IDSymbolNameLODP ValueTraitSub TraitChrStartStopSpecies
10755430Coatc6Coat color QTL 60.02576coat/hair pigmentation trait (VT:0010463)pigmented ventral coat/hair area to total ventral coat/hair area ratio (CMO:0001812)21159110056591100Rat
2293671Bss44Bone structure and strength QTL 4410.970.0001lumbar vertebra morphology trait (VT:0010494)lumbar vertebra cortical cross-sectional area (CMO:0001690)243162366148478373Rat
10755436Coatc8Coat color QTL 80.02431coat/hair pigmentation trait (VT:0010463)pigmented ventral coat/hair area to total ventral coat/hair area ratio (CMO:0001812)23502311780023117Rat
1298074Bp164Blood pressure QTL 1640.003arterial blood pressure trait (VT:2000000)systolic blood pressure (CMO:0000004)242804607202447032Rat
10755434Coatc7Coat color QTL 70.04794coat/hair pigmentation trait (VT:0010463)pigmented ventral coat/hair area to total ventral coat/hair area ratio (CMO:0001812)23064806575648065Rat
2293676Bmd19Bone mineral density QTL 1910.70.0001femur mineral mass (VT:0010011)total volumetric bone mineral density (CMO:0001728)243162366111362592Rat
2293682Bmd24Bone mineral density QTL 248.90.0001femur mineral mass (VT:0010011)compact volumetric bone mineral density (CMO:0001730)243162366111362592Rat
1358917Cm42Cardiac mass QTL 422.82heart mass (VT:0007028)heart weight to body weight ratio (CMO:0000074)225413423203928301Rat
731167Glom4Glomerulus QTL 42.40.0082kidney glomerulus morphology trait (VT:0005325)count of superficial glomeruli not directly contacting the kidney surface (CMO:0001002)22030467265304672Rat
1358913Cm41Cardiac mass QTL 412.73heart mass (VT:0007028)heart weight to body weight ratio (CMO:0000074)225413423203928301Rat
1302794Stl27Serum triglyceride level QTL 274.40.0001blood triglyceride amount (VT:0002644)plasma triglyceride level (CMO:0000548)225413423143657569Rat
61467Bp14Blood pressure QTL 142.2arterial blood pressure trait (VT:2000000)systolic blood pressure (CMO:0000004)243154682202446871Rat
10402051Gdil2Gastrointestinal dilation QTL 2enteric ganglion morphology trait (VT:0001045)length of intestine affected by colonic aganglionosis to total length of colon ratio (CMO:0001836)22490385374786777Rat
9590095Sffal3Serum free fatty acids level QTL 36.780.001blood free fatty acid amount (VT:0001553)plasma free fatty acids level (CMO:0000546)22715716072157160Rat
70174BpQTLCluster2Blood pressure QTL cluster 24.24arterial blood pressure trait (VT:2000000)absolute change in mean arterial blood pressure (CMO:0000533)240067944102785628Rat
1358901Cm38Cardiac mass QTL 382heart mass (VT:0007028)heart weight to body weight ratio (CMO:0000074)225413423157142209Rat
631208Bw1Body weight QTL15.09mesenteric fat pad mass (VT:0010427)mesenteric fat pad weight to body weight ratio (CMO:0000654)24317101783575226Rat
1358899Kidm23Kidney mass QTL 233.88kidney mass (VT:0002707)both kidneys wet weight to body weight ratio (CMO:0000340)225413423157142209Rat
1358908Bw49Body weight QTL 493.36body mass (VT:0001259)body weight (CMO:0000012)225413652157142078Rat
1300155Bp174Blood pressure QTL 1744.09arterial blood pressure trait (VT:2000000)absolute change in mean arterial blood pressure (CMO:0000533)24280460760653831Rat
2293835Kiddil5Kidney dilation QTL 53.8kidney pelvis morphology trait (VT:0004194)hydronephrosis severity score (CMO:0001208)242804607157142209Rat
1358910Kidm27Kidney mass QTL 275.77kidney mass (VT:0002707)both kidneys wet weight to body weight ratio (CMO:0000340)225413423157142209Rat
61355Bp36Blood pressure QTL 362.9blood pressure trait (VT:0000183)systolic blood pressure (CMO:0000004)25873687102844969Rat
2300168Bmd47Bone mineral density QTL 476.60.0001femur mineral mass (VT:0010011)bone mineral density (CMO:0001226)22066244865662448Rat
1358911Kidm28Kidney mass QTL 285.42kidney mass (VT:0002707)both kidneys wet weight to body weight ratio (CMO:0000340)225413423157142209Rat
631266Bp132Blood pressure QTL 1320.0005arterial blood pressure trait (VT:2000000)systolic blood pressure (CMO:0000004)246123260202447032Rat
1358904Cm39Cardiac mass QTL 392.26heart mass (VT:0007028)heart weight to body weight ratio (CMO:0000074)225413423157142209Rat
1354617Bp240Blood pressure QTL 2404arterial blood pressure trait (VT:2000000)diastolic blood pressure (CMO:0000005)22691781781754745Rat
2293843Kiddil6Kidney dilation QTL 63.1kidney pelvis morphology trait (VT:0004194)hydronephrosis severity score (CMO:0001208)242804607182042367Rat
1357990Ael1Aortic elastin QTL 13.10.00091aorta elastin amount (VT:0003905)aortic elastin21907682564076825Rat
1358887Bw50Body weight QTL 502.39body mass (VT:0001259)body weight (CMO:0000012)225413652157142078Rat
12879863Bp402Blood pressure QTL 4020.003arterial blood pressure trait (VT:2000000)mean arterial blood pressure (CMO:0000009)24112578956532139Rat
1354592Rf50Renal function QTL 503.5urine output (VT:0003620)timed urine volume (CMO:0000260)25382274774786777Rat
1298085Bp165Blood pressure QTL 1650.0006arterial blood pressure trait (VT:2000000)systolic blood pressure (CMO:0000004)242804607202447032Rat
2290453Scl55Serum cholesterol level QTL 552.83blood cholesterol amount (VT:0000180)plasma total cholesterol level (CMO:0000585)226917817136917119Rat
1358894Kidm24Kidney mass QTL 244.03kidney mass (VT:0002707)both kidneys wet weight to body weight ratio (CMO:0000340)225413423157142209Rat
731184Mamtr4Mammary tumor resistance QTL 40.0003mammary gland integrity trait (VT:0010552)mammary tumor number (CMO:0000343)21649174061491740Rat
61371Edpm1Estrogen-dependent pituitary mass QTL 140.05pituitary gland mass (VT:0010496)pituitary gland wet weight (CMO:0000853)23513484188029593Rat
1354601Slep1Serum leptin concentration QTL 15.39blood leptin amount (VT:0005667)serum leptin level (CMO:0000780)243171017184114403Rat
1354603Bp243Blood pressure QTL 2433.9arterial blood pressure trait (VT:2000000)diastolic blood pressure (CMO:0000005)226917817127469484Rat

Markers in Region
SHGC-64757  
Rat AssemblyChrPosition (strand)SourceJBrowse
mRatBN7.2254,345,526 - 54,345,700 (+)MAPPERmRatBN7.2
Rnor_6.0254,962,918 - 54,963,091NCBIRnor6.0
Rnor_5.0273,985,678 - 73,985,851UniSTSRnor5.0
RGSC_v3.4254,433,377 - 54,433,550UniSTSRGSC3.4
Celera249,992,993 - 49,993,166UniSTS
Cytogenetic Map2q16UniSTS


Expression


RNA-SEQ Expression
High: > 1000 TPM value   Medium: Between 11 and 1000 TPM
Low: Between 0.5 and 10 TPM   Below Cutoff: < 0.5 TPM

alimentary part of gastrointestinal system circulatory system endocrine system exocrine system hemolymphoid system hepatobiliary system integumental system musculoskeletal system nervous system renal system reproductive system respiratory system appendage
High
Medium 3 8 19 4 4 4
Low 43 41 33 33 8 10 46 31 36 7 8
Below cutoff 8 8 8 1 28 1

Sequence


Ensembl Acc Id: ENSRNOT00000017886   ⟹   ENSRNOP00000017886
Type: CODING
Position:
Rat AssemblyChrPosition (strand)Source
mRatBN7.2 Ensembl254,335,424 - 54,346,670 (-)Ensembl
Rnor_6.0 Ensembl254,952,821 - 54,963,448 (-)Ensembl
RefSeq Acc Id: NM_032076   ⟹   NP_114465
RefSeq Status: PROVISIONAL
Type: CODING
Position:
Rat AssemblyChrPosition (strand)Source
GRCr8256,062,895 - 56,073,522 (-)NCBI
mRatBN7.2254,335,429 - 54,346,057 (-)NCBI
Rnor_6.0254,952,821 - 54,963,448 (-)NCBI
Rnor_5.0273,974,390 - 73,987,294 (-)NCBI
RGSC_v3.4254,423,280 - 54,433,907 (-)RGD
Celera249,982,896 - 49,993,523 (-)RGD
Sequence:
RefSeq Acc Id: XM_006231996   ⟹   XP_006232058
Type: CODING
Position:
Rat AssemblyChrPosition (strand)Source
GRCr8256,061,699 - 56,074,572 (-)NCBI
mRatBN7.2254,330,563 - 54,347,450 (-)NCBI
Rnor_6.0254,951,625 - 54,966,470 (-)NCBI
Rnor_5.0273,974,390 - 73,987,294 (-)NCBI
Sequence:
RefSeq Acc Id: XM_039103261   ⟹   XP_038959189
Type: CODING
Position:
Rat AssemblyChrPosition (strand)Source
GRCr8256,061,699 - 56,074,594 (-)NCBI
mRatBN7.2254,330,563 - 54,347,451 (-)NCBI
RefSeq Acc Id: NP_114465   ⟸   NM_032076
- UniProtKB: O08728 (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot),   P43114 (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot),   A0A0G2JSM6 (UniProtKB/TrEMBL),   A6KGE5 (UniProtKB/TrEMBL)
- Sequence:
RefSeq Acc Id: XP_006232058   ⟸   XM_006231996
- Peptide Label: isoform X1
- UniProtKB: O08728 (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot),   P43114 (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot),   A0A0G2JSM6 (UniProtKB/TrEMBL),   A6KGE5 (UniProtKB/TrEMBL)
- Sequence:
Ensembl Acc Id: ENSRNOP00000017886   ⟸   ENSRNOT00000017886
RefSeq Acc Id: XP_038959189   ⟸   XM_039103261
- Peptide Label: isoform X1
- UniProtKB: P43114 (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot),   O08728 (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot),   A0A0G2JSM6 (UniProtKB/TrEMBL),   A6KGE5 (UniProtKB/TrEMBL)
Protein Domains
G-protein coupled receptors family 1 profile

Protein Structures
Name Modeler Protein Id AA Range Protein Structure
AF-P43114-F1-model_v2 AlphaFold P43114 1-488 view protein structure

Transcriptome

eQTL   View at Phenogen
WGCNA   View at Phenogen
Tissue/Strain Expression   View at Phenogen


Additional Information

Database Acc Id Source(s)
AGR Gene RGD:628641 AgrOrtholog
BioCyc Gene G2FUF-54174 BioCyc
Ensembl Genes ENSRNOG00000013240 Ensembl, UniProtKB/TrEMBL
Ensembl Transcript ENSRNOT00000017886.6 UniProtKB/TrEMBL
Gene3D-CATH Rhodopsin 7-helix transmembrane proteins UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, UniProtKB/TrEMBL
InterPro GPCR_Rhodpsn UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, UniProtKB/TrEMBL
  GPCR_Rhodpsn_7TM UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, UniProtKB/TrEMBL
  Prost_EP4_rcpt UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, UniProtKB/TrEMBL
  Prostanoid_rcpt UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, UniProtKB/TrEMBL
  Prostglndn_DP_rcpt UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, UniProtKB/TrEMBL
KEGG Report rno:84023 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, UniProtKB/TrEMBL
NCBI Gene 84023 ENTREZGENE
PANTHER PTHR11866 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, UniProtKB/TrEMBL
  PTHR11866:SF6 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, UniProtKB/TrEMBL
Pfam 7tm_1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, UniProtKB/TrEMBL
PhenoGen Ptger4 PhenoGen
PRINTS GPCRRHODOPSN UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, UniProtKB/TrEMBL
  PROSTAGLNDNR UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, UniProtKB/TrEMBL
  PROSTANOIDR UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, UniProtKB/TrEMBL
  PRSTNOIDEP4R UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, UniProtKB/TrEMBL
PROSITE G_PROTEIN_RECEP_F1_1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, UniProtKB/TrEMBL
  G_PROTEIN_RECEP_F1_2 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, UniProtKB/TrEMBL
RatGTEx ENSRNOG00000013240 RatGTEx
Superfamily-SCOP Family A G protein-coupled receptor-like UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, UniProtKB/TrEMBL
UniProt A0A0G2JSM6 ENTREZGENE, UniProtKB/TrEMBL
  A6KGE4_RAT UniProtKB/TrEMBL
  A6KGE5 ENTREZGENE, UniProtKB/TrEMBL
  O08728 ENTREZGENE
  P43114 ENTREZGENE, UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
UniProt Secondary O08728 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot


Nomenclature History
Date Current Symbol Current Name Previous Symbol Previous Name Description Reference Status
2015-11-30 Ptger4  prostaglandin E receptor 4  Ptger4  prostaglandin E receptor 4 (subtype EP4)  Nomenclature updated to reflect human and mouse nomenclature 1299863 APPROVED
2010-04-23 Ptger4  prostaglandin E receptor 4 (subtype EP4)  Ptger4  prostaglandin E receptor 4  Nomenclature updated to reflect human and mouse nomenclature 1299863 APPROVED
2004-02-26 Ptger4  prostaglandin E receptor 4 (subtype EP4)      Symbol and Name status set to approved 625702 APPROVED
2003-02-27 Ptger4  prostaglandin E receptor 4 (subtype EP4)      Symbol and Name status set to provisional 70820 PROVISIONAL

RGD Curation Notes
Note Type Note Reference
gene_disease intestinal mRNA expression increases in a dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis model 727388