altered cardiovascular system homeostasis pathway +
epinephrine signaling pathway +
fibrinolysis pathway +
hematopoiesis pathway +
hemostasis pathway +
insulin biosynthetic pathway
kallikrein-kinin cascade pathway +
natriuretic peptide signaling pathway +
natural anticoagulant pathway +
preproglucagon processing pathway +
renin-angiotensin cascade pathway +
The renin-angiotensin cascade (RAS) generates a number of bioactive peptides with diverse physiological and pathophysiological functions. RAS exerts vasoconstriction, vasodilation or vascular remodeling, cell proliferation or anti-proliferation effects, depending on which angiotensin peptide generates the signaling. Some of these features are also shared by the kallikrein-kinin system (KKS); the two systems can interact and cross-talk.