| 2710 | Glul | glutamate-ammonia ligase | ENCODES a protein that exhibits ATP binding; dynein light chain binding; glutamate binding; INVOLVED IN amino acid metabolic process; ammonia assimilation cycle; glutamine biosynthetic process; PARTICIPATES IN glutamic acid/glutamate metabolic pathway; 2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria pathway; homocarnosi nosis pathway; ASSOCIATED WITH diabetic retinopathy; Drug-Induced Dyskinesia; epilepsy; FOUND IN axon terminus; cell projection; myelin sheath; INTERACTS WITH (+)-pilocarpine; (+)-schisandrin B; (+)-taxifolin | 13 | 68519500 | 68585554 | Rat | 499 | symbol , old_gene_name , PhenoGen | gene, protein-coding, VALIDATED [RefSeq] |
| 730955 | GLUL | glutamate-ammonia ligase | The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the glutamine synthetase family. It catalyzes the synthesis of glutamine from glutamate and ammonia in an ATP-dependent reaction. This protein plays a role in ammonia and glutamate detoxification, acid-base homeostasis, cell signaling, and cell proliferati on. Glutamine is an abundant amino acid, and is important to the biosynthesis of several amino acids, pyrimidines, and purines. Mutations in this gene are associated with congenital glutamine deficiency, and overexpression of this gene was observed in some primary liver cancer samples. There are six pseudogenes of this gene found on chromosomes 2, 5, 9, 11, and 12. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2014] | 1 | 182378098 | 182391790 | Human | 548 | symbol , old_gene_name , COSMIC , Human Proteome Map | gene, protein-coding, REVIEWED [RefSeq] |
| 736181 | Glul | glutamate-ammonia ligase | Enables glutamine synthetase activity. Involved in several processes, including intracellular ammonium homeostasis; positive regulation of erythrocyte differentiation; and regulation of sprouting angiogenesis. Acts upstream of or within cellular response to starvation and response to glucose. Locate d in cell body; cytoplasm; and glial cell projection. Is expressed in several structures, including alimentary system; central nervous system; respiratory system; sensory organ; and urinary system. Used to study temporal lobe epilepsy. Human ortholog(s) of this gene implicated in congenital glutamine deficiency; epilepsy (multiple); heart disease; and neurodegenerative disease (multiple). Orthologous to human GLUL (glutamate-ammonia ligase). [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Jul 2025] | 1 | 153775692 | 153785469 | Mouse | 548 | symbol , old_gene_name , PhenoGen , description | gene, protein-coding, VALIDATED [RefSeq] |
| 9054336 | Glul | glutamate-ammonia ligase | ENCODES a protein that exhibits ATP binding (ortholog); dynein light chain binding (ortholog); glutamate binding (ortholog); INVOLVED IN amino acid metabolic process (ortholog); ammonia assimilation cycle (ortholog); cell population proliferation (ortholog); PARTICIPATES IN 2-hydroxyglutaric aciduri a pathway; glutamic acid/glutamate metabolic pathway; homocarnosinosis pathway; ASSOCIATED WITH Alzheimer's disease (ortholog); Carotid Atherosclerosis (ortholog); congenital glutamine deficiency (ortholog); FOUND IN axon terminus (ortholog); cell body (ortholog); cell projection (ortholog) | NW_004955406 | 21266383 | 21274546 | Chinchilla | 97 | symbol | gene, protein-coding, MODEL [RefSeq] |
| 11720111 | GLUL | glutamate-ammonia ligase | ENCODES a protein that exhibits ATP binding (ortholog); dynein light chain binding (ortholog); glutamate binding (ortholog); INVOLVED IN amino acid metabolic process (ortholog); ammonia assimilation cycle (ortholog); cellular response to starvation (ortholog); PARTICIPATES IN 2-hydroxyglutaric acidu ria pathway; glutamic acid/glutamate metabolic pathway; homocarnosinosis pathway; ASSOCIATED WITH Alzheimer's disease (ortholog); Carotid Atherosclerosis (ortholog); congenital glutamine deficiency (ortholog); FOUND IN cell body (ortholog); cell projection (ortholog); glial cell projection (ortholog) | 1 | 157882258 | 157891562 | Bonobo | 111 | symbol | gene, protein-coding, MODEL [RefSeq] |
| 12254844 | GLUL | glutamate-ammonia ligase | ENCODES a protein that exhibits ATP binding (ortholog); dynein light chain binding (ortholog); glutamate binding (ortholog); INVOLVED IN amino acid metabolic process (ortholog); ammonia assimilation cycle (ortholog); cellular response to starvation (ortholog); PARTICIPATES IN 2-hydroxyglutaric acidu ria pathway; glutamic acid/glutamate metabolic pathway; homocarnosinosis pathway; ASSOCIATED WITH Alzheimer's disease (ortholog); Carotid Atherosclerosis (ortholog); congenital glutamine deficiency (ortholog); FOUND IN cell projection (ortholog); cytosol (ortholog); myelin sheath (ortholog); INTERACTS WITH bisphenol A | 7 | 15730898 | 15740241 | Dog | 125 | symbol , old_gene_name | gene, protein-coding, VALIDATED [RefSeq] |
| 12457849 | Glul | glutamate-ammonia ligase | ENCODES a protein that exhibits ATP binding (ortholog); dynein light chain binding (ortholog); glutamate binding (ortholog); INVOLVED IN amino acid metabolic process (ortholog); ammonia assimilation cycle (ortholog); cellular response to starvation (ortholog); PARTICIPATES IN 2-hydroxyglutaric acidu ria pathway; glutamic acid/glutamate metabolic pathway; homocarnosinosis pathway; ASSOCIATED WITH Alzheimer's disease (ortholog); Carotid Atherosclerosis (ortholog); congenital glutamine deficiency (ortholog); FOUND IN cell projection (ortholog); myelin sheath (ortholog); perikaryon (ortholog) | NW_004936481 | 7293301 | 7301416 | Squirrel | 112 | symbol | gene, protein-coding, MODEL [RefSeq] |
| 14032239 | GLUL | glutamate-ammonia ligase | ENCODES a protein that exhibits ATP binding (ortholog); dynein light chain binding (ortholog); glutamate binding (ortholog); INVOLVED IN amino acid metabolic process (ortholog); ammonia assimilation cycle (ortholog); cell population proliferation (ortholog); PARTICIPATES IN 2-hydroxyglutaric aciduri a pathway; glutamic acid/glutamate metabolic pathway; homocarnosinosis pathway; ASSOCIATED WITH Alzheimer's disease (ortholog); Carotid Atherosclerosis (ortholog); congenital glutamine deficiency (ortholog); FOUND IN cell body (ortholog); cell projection (ortholog); cytosol (ortholog) | | | | Pig | 115 | symbol , old_gene_name | gene, protein-coding, PROVISIONAL [RefSeq] |
| 18487264 | GLUL | glutamate-ammonia ligase | ENCODES a protein that exhibits ATP binding (ortholog); dynein light chain binding (ortholog); glutamate binding (ortholog); INVOLVED IN amino acid metabolic process (ortholog); ammonia assimilation cycle (ortholog); cellular response to starvation (ortholog); PARTICIPATES IN 2-hydroxyglutaric acidu ria pathway; glutamic acid/glutamate metabolic pathway; homocarnosinosis pathway; ASSOCIATED WITH Alzheimer's disease (ortholog); Carotid Atherosclerosis (ortholog); congenital glutamine deficiency (ortholog); FOUND IN axon terminus (ortholog); cell projection (ortholog); myelin sheath (ortholog) | | | | Green Monkey | 112 | symbol | gene, protein-coding, MODEL [RefSeq] |
| 18932364 | Glul | glutamate-ammonia ligase | ENCODES a protein that exhibits ATP binding (ortholog); dynein light chain binding (ortholog); glutamate binding (ortholog); INVOLVED IN amino acid metabolic process (ortholog); ammonia assimilation cycle (ortholog); cell population proliferation (ortholog); PARTICIPATES IN 2-hydroxyglutaric aciduri a pathway; glutamic acid/glutamate metabolic pathway; homocarnosinosis pathway; ASSOCIATED WITH Alzheimer's disease (ortholog); Carotid Atherosclerosis (ortholog); congenital glutamine deficiency (ortholog); FOUND IN axon terminus (ortholog); cell body (ortholog); cell projection (ortholog) | | | | Naked Mole-Rat | 111 | symbol | gene, protein-coding, MODEL [RefSeq] |
| 284336862 | glul | | | | | | Tropical Clawed Frog | | symbol | gene, null |
| 625984191 | Glul | glutamate-ammonia ligase | ENCODES a protein that exhibits ATP binding (ortholog); dynein light chain binding (ortholog); glutamate binding (ortholog); INVOLVED IN amino acid metabolic process (ortholog); ammonia assimilation cycle (ortholog); cell population proliferation (ortholog); PARTICIPATES IN 2-hydroxyglutaric aciduri a pathway; glutamic acid/glutamate metabolic pathway; homocarnosinosis pathway; ASSOCIATED WITH Alzheimer's disease (ortholog); Carotid Atherosclerosis (ortholog); congenital glutamine deficiency (ortholog); FOUND IN axon terminus (ortholog); cell body (ortholog); cell projection (ortholog) | | | | Black Rat | 97 | symbol | gene, protein-coding, MODEL [RefSeq] |
| 284336914 | glul.L | | | | | | African Clawed Frog | | symbol | gene, null |
| 288083473 | glul.S | | | | | | African Clawed Frog | | symbol | gene, null |
| 6501536 | Glul-ps1 | glutamate-ammonia ligase, pseudogene 1 | | 15 | 61111497 | 61113937 | Rat | | symbol , PhenoGen | gene, pseudo, MODEL [RefSeq] |
| 41252508 | Glul-ps2 | glutamate-ammonia ligase, pseudogene 2 | | 19 | 36037995 | 36039161 | Rat | | symbol , PhenoGen | gene, pseudo, MODEL [RefSeq] |
| 155246746 | glul-like.1 | | | | | | Tropical Clawed Frog | | symbol | gene, null |
| 155246747 | glul-like.1.L | | | | | | African Clawed Frog | | symbol | gene, null |
| 155258477 | glul-like.1.S | | | | | | African Clawed Frog | | symbol | gene, null |
| 1332353 | Lgsn | lengsin, lens protein with glutamine synthetase domain | Predicted to enable glutamine synthetase activity. Predicted to be involved in glutamine biosynthetic process. Located in plasma membrane. Orthologous to human LGSN (lengsin, lens protein with glutamine synthetase domain). [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Apr 2025] | 1 | 31215362 | 31243806 | Mouse | 38 | old_gene_symbol | gene, protein-coding, PROVISIONAL [RefSeq] |
| 16560416 | AC011092.1 | glutamate-ammonia ligase (GLUL) pseudogene | | | | | Human | | name | gene, processed_pseudogene |
| 1349044 | GLULP1 | glutamate-ammonia ligase pseudogene 1 | | 5 | 151848750 | 151850918 | Human | | symbol , old_gene_name , COSMIC , Human Proteome Map , old_gene_symbol | gene, pseudo, INFERRED [RefSeq] |
| 596933471 | glull | | | | | | Tropical Clawed Frog | | symbol | gene, null |
| 596933515 | glull | | | | | | Tropical Clawed Frog | | symbol | gene, null |
| 596933650 | glull | | | | | | Tropical Clawed Frog | | symbol | gene, null |
| 596933985 | glull | | | | | | Tropical Clawed Frog | | symbol | gene, null |
| 596933997 | glull | | | | | | Tropical Clawed Frog | | symbol | gene, null |
| 596934057 | glull | | | | | | Tropical Clawed Frog | | symbol | gene, null |
| 596934088 | glull | | | | | | Tropical Clawed Frog | | symbol | gene, null |
| 596934091 | glull | | | | | | Tropical Clawed Frog | | symbol | gene, null |
| 596934109 | glull | | | | | | Tropical Clawed Frog | | symbol | gene, null |
| 596934117 | glull | | | | | | Tropical Clawed Frog | | symbol | gene, null |
| 596934192 | glull | | | | | | Tropical Clawed Frog | | symbol | gene, null |
| 596934333 | glull | | | | | | Tropical Clawed Frog | | symbol | gene, null |
| 596934427 | glull | | | | | | Tropical Clawed Frog | | symbol | gene, null |
| 596934458 | glull | | | | | | Tropical Clawed Frog | | symbol | gene, null |
| 596934554 | glull | | | | | | Tropical Clawed Frog | | symbol | gene, null |
| 596934668 | glull | | | | | | Tropical Clawed Frog | | symbol | gene, null |
| 596934699 | glull | | | | | | Tropical Clawed Frog | | symbol | gene, null |
| 596934854 | glull | | | | | | Tropical Clawed Frog | | symbol | gene, null |
| 596935166 | glull | | | | | | Tropical Clawed Frog | | symbol | gene, null |
| 596935567 | glull | | | | | | Tropical Clawed Frog | | symbol | gene, null |
| 596935665 | glull | | | | | | Tropical Clawed Frog | | symbol | gene, null |
| 596935726 | glull | | | | | | Tropical Clawed Frog | | symbol | gene, null |
| 596935732 | glull | | | | | | Tropical Clawed Frog | | symbol | gene, null |
| 596935736 | glull | | | | | | Tropical Clawed Frog | | symbol | gene, null |
| 596935762 | glull | | | | | | Tropical Clawed Frog | | symbol | gene, null |
| 596935787 | glull | | | | | | Tropical Clawed Frog | | symbol | gene, null |
| 596935915 | glull | | | | | | Tropical Clawed Frog | | symbol | gene, null |
| 596935986 | glull | | | | | | Tropical Clawed Frog | | symbol | gene, null |
| 596936031 | glull | | | | | | Tropical Clawed Frog | | symbol | gene, null |
| 596936163 | glull | | | | | | Tropical Clawed Frog | | symbol | gene, null |
| 1350062 | GLULP2 | glutamate-ammonia ligase pseudogene 2 | | 11 | 9956585 | 9959912 | Human | | symbol , GTEx , COSMIC , Human Proteome Map , old_gene_symbol | gene, pseudo, INFERRED [RefSeq] |
| 1343638 | GLULP3 | glutamate-ammonia ligase pseudogene 3 | | 11 | 122613326 | 122614690 | Human | | symbol , COSMIC , Human Proteome Map , old_gene_symbol | gene, pseudo, INFERRED [RefSeq] |
| 1345808 | GLULP4 | glutamate-ammonia ligase pseudogene 4 | | 9 | 34917045 | 34918408 | Human | | symbol , COSMIC , Human Proteome Map , old_gene_symbol | gene, pseudo, INFERRED [RefSeq] |
| 2859014 | GLULP5 | glutamate-ammonia ligase pseudogene 5 | | 12 | 114104934 | 114105922 | Human | | symbol , COSMIC , Human Proteome Map | gene, pseudo, INFERRED [RefSeq] |
| 3379550 | GLULP6 | glutamate-ammonia ligase pseudogene 6 | | 2 | 194129355 | 194130373 | Human | | symbol , COSMIC , Human Proteome Map | gene, pseudo, INFERRED [RefSeq] |
| 596935165 | glull.L | | | | | | African Clawed Frog | | symbol | gene, null |
| 596936032 | glull.L | | | | | | African Clawed Frog | | symbol | gene, null |
| 596933470 | glull.S | | | | | | African Clawed Frog | | symbol | gene, null |
| 596935568 | glull.S | | | | | | African Clawed Frog | | symbol | gene, null |
| 1320293 | GANAB | glucosidase II alpha subunit | This gene encodes the alpha subunit of glucosidase II and a member of the glycosyl hydrolase 31 family of proteins. The heterodimeric enzyme glucosidase II plays a role in protein folding and quality control by cleaving glucose residues from immature glycoproteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. Expre ssion of the encoded protein is elevated in lung tumor tissue and in response to UV irradiation. Mutations in this gene cause autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney and liver disease. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016] | 11 | 62624829 | 62646613 | Human | 198 | old_gene_symbol | gene, protein-coding, REVIEWED [RefSeq] |
| 727925 | Lgsn | lengsin, lens protein with glutamine synthetase domain | ENCODES a protein that exhibits catalytic activity (inferred); glutamine synthetase activity (inferred); INVOLVED IN glutamine biosynthetic process (inferred); FOUND IN plasma membrane (ortholog); INTERACTS WITH acetamide; aconitine; bisphenol A | 9 | 40912398 | 40943955 | Rat | 41 | old_gene_symbol | gene, protein-coding, PROVISIONAL [RefSeq] |
| 1344000 | LGSN | lengsin, lens protein with glutamine synthetase domain | This gene encodes a protein with similarity to the GS I members of the glutamine synthetase superfamily. The encoded protein is referred to as a pseudo-glutamine synthetase because it has no glutamine synthesis activity and may function as a chaperone protein. This protein is localized to the lens a nd may be associated with cataract disease. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2009] | 6 | 63275951 | 63573607 | Human | 40 | old_gene_symbol | gene, protein-coding, REVIEWED [RefSeq] |
| 12129349 | LGSN | lengsin, lens protein with glutamine synthetase domain | ENCODES a protein that exhibits catalytic activity (inferred); glutamine synthetase activity (inferred); INVOLVED IN glutamine biosynthetic process (inferred); FOUND IN plasma membrane (inferred) | 12 | 26852832 | 26884307 | Dog | 10 | old_gene_symbol | gene, protein-coding, PROVISIONAL [RefSeq] |