| 68946 | Penk | proenkephalin | ENCODES a protein that exhibits opioid peptide activity; receptor ligand activity (ortholog); INVOLVED IN behavioral response to ethanol; cellular response to cAMP; cellular response to oxidative stress; ASSOCIATED WITH alcohol use disorder; Anhedonia; Catalepsy; FOUND IN axon; axon terminus; cell b ody fiber; INTERACTS WITH (S)-amphetamine; 1-naphthyl isothiocyanate; 17alpha-ethynylestradiol | 5 | 21981381 | 21987074 | Rat | 291 | symbol , PhenoGen , old_gene_symbol | gene, protein-coding, VALIDATED [RefSeq] |
| 68998 | PENK | proenkephalin | This gene encodes a preproprotein that is proteolytically processed to generate multiple protein products. These products include the pentapeptide opioids Met-enkephalin and Leu-enkephalin, which are stored in synaptic vesicles, then released into the synapse where they bind to mu- and delta-opioid receptors to modulate the perception of pain. Other non-opioid cleavage products may function in distinct biological activities. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2015] | 8 | 56440957 | 56446641 | Human | 317 | symbol , COSMIC , Human Proteome Map , old_gene_symbol | gene, protein-coding, REVIEWED [RefSeq] |
| 68999 | Penk | preproenkephalin | Enables opioid peptide activity and opioid receptor binding activity. Involved in G protein-coupled opioid receptor signaling pathway; regulation of long-term synaptic depression; and transmission of nerve impulse. Acts upstream of or within several processes, including behavioral fear response; sen sory perception of pain; and startle response. Predicted to be located in several cellular components, including cell body fiber; perikaryon; and symmetric synapse. Predicted to be active in several cellular components, including axon terminus; cytoplasmic vesicle lumen; and neuronal cell body. Is expressed in several structures, including alimentary system; brain; genitourinary system; integumental system; and sensory organ. Human ortholog(s) of this gene implicated in overactive bladder syndrome. Orthologous to human PENK (proenkephalin). [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Jul 2025] | 4 | 4133536 | 4138815 | Mouse | 341 | symbol , PhenoGen , description , old_gene_symbol | gene, protein-coding, VALIDATED [RefSeq] |
| 8859128 | Penk | proenkephalin | ENCODES a protein that exhibits opioid peptide activity (ortholog); receptor ligand activity (ortholog); INVOLVED IN aggressive behavior (ortholog); behavioral fear response (ortholog); behavioral response to ethanol (ortholog); ASSOCIATED WITH alcohol use disorder (ortholog); amyotrophic lateral sc lerosis type 1 (ortholog); Anhedonia (ortholog); FOUND IN perikaryon; axon (ortholog); axon terminus (ortholog) | NW_004955454 | 15425712 | 15426685 | Chinchilla | 74 | symbol | gene, protein-coding, MODEL [RefSeq] |
| 11699747 | PENK | proenkephalin | ENCODES a protein that exhibits opioid peptide activity (inferred); opioid receptor binding (inferred); receptor ligand activity (inferred); INVOLVED IN aggressive behavior (ortholog); behavioral fear response (ortholog); behavioral response to ethanol (ortholog); ASSOCIATED WITH alcohol use disorde r (ortholog); amyotrophic lateral sclerosis type 1 (ortholog); Anhedonia (ortholog); FOUND IN axon (ortholog); axon terminus (ortholog); cell body fiber (ortholog) | 8 | 52864388 | 52870144 | Bonobo | 84 | symbol | gene, protein-coding, MODEL [RefSeq] |
| 12124267 | PENK | proenkephalin | ENCODES a protein that exhibits receptor ligand activity (ortholog); INVOLVED IN aggressive behavior (ortholog); behavioral fear response (ortholog); behavioral response to ethanol (ortholog); ASSOCIATED WITH alcohol use disorder (ortholog); amyotrophic lateral sclerosis type 1 (ortholog); Anhedonia (ortholog); FOUND IN axon (ortholog); axon terminus (ortholog); cell body fiber (ortholog) | 29 | 7757543 | 7763137 | Dog | 85 | symbol | gene, protein-coding, MODEL [RefSeq] |
| 12677787 | Penk | proenkephalin | ENCODES a protein that exhibits opioid peptide activity (inferred); opioid receptor binding (inferred); receptor ligand activity (inferred); INVOLVED IN aggressive behavior (ortholog); behavioral fear response (ortholog); behavioral response to ethanol (ortholog); ASSOCIATED WITH alcohol use disorde r (ortholog); amyotrophic lateral sclerosis type 1 (ortholog); Anhedonia (ortholog); FOUND IN axon (ortholog); axon terminus (ortholog); cell body fiber (ortholog) | NW_004936496 | 3016247 | 3021726 | Squirrel | 84 | symbol | gene, protein-coding, MODEL [RefSeq] |
| 625968579 | Penk | proenkephalin | ENCODES a protein that exhibits opioid peptide activity (ortholog); receptor ligand activity (ortholog); INVOLVED IN aggressive behavior (ortholog); behavioral fear response (ortholog); behavioral response to ethanol (ortholog); ASSOCIATED WITH alcohol use disorder (ortholog); amyotrophic lateral sc lerosis type 1 (ortholog); Anhedonia (ortholog); FOUND IN axon (ortholog); axon terminus (ortholog); cell body fiber (ortholog) | | | | Black Rat | 74 | symbol | gene, protein-coding, MODEL [RefSeq] |
| 155250811 | penk | | | | | | Tropical Clawed Frog | | symbol | gene, null |
| 18367864 | PENK | proenkephalin | ENCODES a protein that exhibits opioid peptide activity (inferred); opioid receptor binding (inferred); receptor ligand activity (inferred); INVOLVED IN aggressive behavior (ortholog); behavioral fear response (ortholog); behavioral response to ethanol (ortholog); ASSOCIATED WITH alcohol use disorde r (ortholog); amyotrophic lateral sclerosis type 1 (ortholog); Anhedonia (ortholog); FOUND IN axon (ortholog); axon terminus (ortholog); cell body fiber (ortholog) | | | | Green Monkey | 84 | symbol | gene, protein-coding, MODEL [RefSeq] |
| 18936734 | Penk | proenkephalin | ENCODES a protein that exhibits receptor ligand activity (ortholog); INVOLVED IN aggressive behavior (ortholog); behavioral fear response (ortholog); behavioral response to ethanol (ortholog); ASSOCIATED WITH alcohol use disorder (ortholog); amyotrophic lateral sclerosis type 1 (ortholog); Anhedonia (ortholog); FOUND IN axon (ortholog); axon terminus (ortholog); cell body fiber (ortholog) | | | | Naked Mole-Rat | 85 | symbol | gene, protein-coding, MODEL [RefSeq] |
| 14199929 | PENK | proenkephalin | ENCODES a protein that exhibits opioid peptide activity (inferred); receptor ligand activity (inferred); INVOLVED IN aggressive behavior (ortholog); behavioral fear response (ortholog); behavioral response to ethanol (ortholog); ASSOCIATED WITH alcohol use disorder (ortholog); amyotrophic lateral sc lerosis type 1 (ortholog); Anhedonia (ortholog); FOUND IN axon (ortholog); axon terminus (ortholog); cell body fiber (ortholog) | | | | Pig | 84 | symbol | gene, protein-coding, MODEL [RefSeq] |
| 155253064 | penk.L | | | | | | African Clawed Frog | | symbol | gene, null |
| 155253610 | penk.S | | | | | | African Clawed Frog | | symbol | gene, null |
| 16560155 | PENK-AS1 | PENK antisense RNA 1 | | 8 | 56445807 | 56552067 | Human | | symbol , COSMIC , name , Human Proteome Map | gene, ncrna, VALIDATED [RefSeq] |
| 1343954 | PDYN | prodynorphin | The protein encoded by this gene is a preproprotein that is proteolytically processed to form the secreted opioid peptides beta-neoendorphin, dynorphin, leu-enkephalin, rimorphin, and leumorphin. These peptides are ligands for the kappa-type of opioid receptor. Dynorphin is involved in modulating re sponses to several psychoactive substances, including cocaine. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2010] | 20 | 1978756 | 1994285 | Human | 312 | old_gene_symbol | gene, protein-coding, REVIEWED [RefSeq] |