| 1346585 | SYNC | syncoilin, intermediate filament protein | This gene encodes a member of the intermediate filament family which contains an N-terminal head domain, followed by a central coiled-coil region and a short C-terminal tail. The protein is highly expressed in skeletal and cardiac muscle. The protein links the dystrophin associated protein complex ( DAPC) to desmin filaments in muscle and may have a structural role in striated muscle. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2009] | 1 | 32679906 | 32703593 | Human | 83 | symbol , old_gene_name , COSMIC , name , Human Proteome Map , old_gene_symbol | gene, protein-coding, REVIEWED [RefSeq] |
| 1313857 | SYNCRIP | synaptotagmin binding cytoplasmic RNA interacting protein | This gene encodes a member of the cellular heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) family. hnRNPs are RNA binding proteins that complex with heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) and regulate alternative splicing, polyadenylation, and other aspects of mRNA metabolism and transport. The encoded p rotein plays a role in multiple aspects of mRNA maturation and is associated with several multiprotein complexes including the apoB RNA editing-complex and survival of motor neurons (SMN) complex. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene, and a pseudogene of this gene is located on the short arm of chromosome 20. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2011] | 6 | 85607784 | 85643870 | Human | 221 | symbol , old_gene_name , COSMIC , Human Proteome Map | gene, protein-coding, REVIEWED [RefSeq] |
| 16555866 | SYNCRIPP1 | SYNCRIP pseudogene 1 | | 20 | 6213597 | 6215339 | Human | | symbol , COSMIC , name , Human Proteome Map | gene, pseudo, INFERRED [RefSeq] |
| 1322220 | CADM1 | cell adhesion molecule 1 | Enables signaling receptor binding activity. Involved in several processes, including cell recognition; positive regulation of cytokine production; and susceptibility to natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity. Located in plasma membrane. Implicated in breast carcinoma and prostate cancer. Biomark er of cervix uteri carcinoma in situ. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Jul 2025] | 11 | 115169236 | 115504415 | Human | 261 | old_gene_name , old_gene_symbol | gene, protein-coding, VALIDATED [RefSeq] |
| 1313847 | CADM2 | cell adhesion molecule 2 | This gene encodes a member of the synaptic cell adhesion molecule 1 (SynCAM) family which belongs to the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily. The encoded protein has three Ig-like domains and a cytosolic protein 4.1 binding site near the C-terminus. Proteins belonging to the protein 4.1 family crosslink spectrin and interact with other cytoskeletal proteins. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2012] | 3 | 84958989 | 86074429 | Human | 83 | description , old_gene_symbol | gene, protein-coding, REVIEWED [RefSeq] |
| 1315991 | CADM3 | cell adhesion molecule 3 | The protein encoded by this gene is a calcium-independent cell-cell adhesion protein that can form homodimers or heterodimers with other nectin proteins. The encoded protein has both homophilic and heterophilic cell-cell adhesion activity. This gene is reported to be a tumor suppressor gene. [provid ed by RefSeq, Oct 2016] | 1 | 159171615 | 159203313 | Human | 120 | old_gene_symbol | gene, protein-coding, REVIEWED [RefSeq] |
| 1312331 | CADM4 | cell adhesion molecule 4 | Enables vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 binding activity. Involved in several processes, including negative regulation of protein phosphorylation; regulation of Rac protein signal transduction; and regulation of wound healing. Located in cell leading edge and cell-cell contact zone. [p rovided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Jul 2025] | 19 | 43622368 | 43641984 | Human | 100 | old_gene_symbol | gene, protein-coding, VALIDATED [RefSeq] |
| 1604473 | SYCN | syncollin | Predicted to be involved in exocytosis. Predicted to be located in zymogen granule membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Jul 2025] | 19 | 39202825 | 39204263 | Human | 36 | name | gene, protein-coding, VALIDATED [RefSeq] |
| 151674422 | LOC124902201 | syncytin-A-like | | 9 | 88037468 | 88077900 | Human | | old_gene_name , name | gene, protein-coding, MODEL [RefSeq] |
| 1346740 | ERVW-1 | endogenous retrovirus group W member 1, envelope | Many different human endogenous retrovirus (HERV) families are expressed in normal placental tissue at high levels, suggesting that HERVs are functionally important in reproduction. This gene is part of an HERV provirus on chromosome 7 that has inactivating mutations in the gag and pol genes. This g ene is the envelope glycoprotein gene which appears to have been selectively preserved. The gene's protein product is expressed in the placental syncytiotrophoblast and is involved in fusion of the cytotrophoblast cells to form the syncytial layer of the placenta. The protein has the characteristics of a typical retroviral envelope protein, including a furin cleavage site that separates the surface (SU) and transmembrane (TM) proteins which form a heterodimer. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2010] | 7 | 92468380 | 92477946 | Human | 38 | old_gene_name , description | gene, protein-coding, REVIEWED [RefSeq] |
| 1606632 | ERVFRD-1 | endogenous retrovirus group FRD member 1, envelope | Many different human endogenous retrovirus (HERV) families are expressed in normal placental tissue at high levels, suggesting that HERVs are functionally important in reproduction. This gene is part of a human endogenous retrovirus provirus on chromosome 6 that has inactivating mutations in the gag and pol genes. This gene is the envelope glycoprotein gene which appears to have been selectively preserved. The gene's protein product plays a major role in placental development and trophoblast fusion. The protein has the characteristics of a typical retroviral envelope protein, including a cleavage site that separates the surface (SU) and transmembrane (TM) proteins which form a heterodimer. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2012] | 6 | 11102489 | 11111725 | Human | 66 | old_gene_name | gene, protein-coding, VALIDATED [RefSeq] |
| 5132012 | ERVV-2 | endogenous retrovirus group V member 2, envelope | Many different human endogenous retrovirus (HERV) families are expressed in normal placental tissue at high levels, suggesting that HERVs are functionally important in reproduction. This gene is part of an HERV provirus on human chromosome 19 that has inactivating mutations in the gag and pol genes. This envelope glycoprotein gene appears to have been selectively preserved. The gene's protein product is expressed in the placenta and acts as a syncytin in Old World monkeys, but has lost the fusogenic activity in humans and other primate lineages. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2015] | 19 | 53044740 | 53051680 | Human | 8 | old_gene_name , description | gene, protein-coding, REVIEWED [RefSeq] |
| 38643542 | TMEM150C-AS1 | TMEM150C antisense RNA 1 | | 4 | 82469005 | 82483341 | Human | | old_gene_name | gene, ncrna, MODEL [RefSeq] |
| 16558647 | AC021106.1 | synaptotagmin binding, cytoplasmic RNA interacting protein (SYNCRIP) pseudogene | | | | | Human | | name | gene, processed_pseudogene |
| 1346019 | TCL1B | TCL1 family AKT coactivator B | Enables protein kinase binding activity and protein serine/threonine kinase activator activity. Involved in intracellular signal transduction. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Jul 2025] | 14 | 95686426 | 95692628 | Human | 28 | old_gene_name | gene, protein-coding, VALIDATED [RefSeq] |
| 1606066 | LERFS | lncRNA negative regulator of fibroblast-like synoviocyte migration, SYNCRIP interacting | INTERACTS WITH bisphenol A; formaldehyde; lipopolysaccharide | 9 | 62857856 | 62898087 | Human | 5 | name | gene, ncrna, VALIDATED [RefSeq] |
| 38647180 | ERVFC1 | endogenous retrovirus group FC1 Env polyprotein | INVOLVED IN syncytium formation by plasma membrane fusion; FOUND IN plasma membrane (inferred) | X | 97841746 | 97849381 | Human | 2 | description | gene, protein-coding, MODEL [RefSeq] |
| 1352999 | BYSL | bystin like | Bystin is expressed as a 2-kb major transcript and a 3.6-kb minor transcript in SNG-M cells and in human trophoblastic teratocarcinoma HT-H cells. Protein binding assays determined that bystin binds directly to trophinin and tastin, and that binding is enhanced when cytokeratins 8 and 18 are present . Immunocytochemistry of HT-H cells showed that bystin colocalizes with trophinin, tastin, and the cytokeratins, suggesting that these molecules form a complex in trophectoderm cells at the time of implantation. Using immunohistochemistry it was determined that trophinin and bystin are found in the placenta from the sixth week of pregnancy. Both proteins were localized in the cytoplasm of the syncytiotrophoblast in the chorionic villi and in endometrial decidual cells at the uteroplacental interface. After week 10, the levels of trophinin, tastin, and bystin decreased and then disappeared from placental villi. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008] | 6 | 41908759 | 41933046 | Human | 137 | description | gene, protein-coding, REVIEWED [RefSeq] |
| 1345686 | CXCL8 | C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8 | The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the CXC chemokine family and is a major mediator of the inflammatory response. The encoded protein is commonly referred to as interleukin-8 (IL-8). IL-8 is secreted by mononuclear macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, T lymphocytes, epithelial cells, and fibroblasts. It functions as a chemotactic factor by guiding the neutrophils to the site of infection. Bacterial and viral products rapidly induce IL-8 expression. IL-8 also participates with other cytokines in the proinflammatory signaling cascade and plays a role in systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). This gene is believed to play a role in the pathogenesis of the lower respiratory tract infection bronchiolitis, a common respiratory tract disease caused by the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). The overproduction of this proinflammatory protein is thought to cause the lung inflammation associated with csytic fibrosis. This proinflammatory protein is also suspected of playing a role in coronary artery disease and endothelial dysfunction. This protein is also secreted by tumor cells and promotes tumor migration, invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis. This chemokine is also a potent angiogenic factor. The binding of IL-8 to one of its receptors (IL-8RB/CXCR2) increases the permeability of blood vessels and increasing levels of IL-8 are positively correlated with increased severity of multiple disease outcomes (eg, sepsis). This gene and other members of the CXC chemokine gene family form a gene cluster in a region of chromosome 4q. [provided by RefSeq, May 2020] | 4 | 73740569 | 73743716 | Human | 1936 | description | gene, protein-coding, REVIEWED [RefSeq] |
| 1343792 | ERVH48-1 | endogenous retrovirus group 48 member 1, envelope | Many different endogenous retrovirus families are expressed in normal placental tissue at high levels, suggesting that endogenous retroviruses are functionally important in reproduction. This gene is part of an endogenous retrovirus provirus that has placenta specific expression. The protein encoded has the characteristics of a retroviral envelope protein but is truncated and lacks the transmembrane domain. The protein inhibits cell fusion by competing with syncytin-1 for binding to a cell receptor. [provided by RefSeq, May 2015] | 21 | 42916803 | 42925630 | Human | 22 | description | gene, protein-coding, REVIEWED [RefSeq] |
| 736925 | GJA1 | gap junction protein alpha 1 | This gene is a member of the connexin gene family. The encoded protein is a component of gap junctions, which are composed of arrays of intercellular channels that provide a route for the diffusion of low molecular weight materials from cell to cell. The encoded protein is the major protein of gap j unctions in the heart that are thought to have a crucial role in the synchronized contraction of the heart and in embryonic development. A related intronless pseudogene has been mapped to chromosome 5. Mutations in this gene have been associated with oculodentodigital dysplasia, autosomal recessive craniometaphyseal dysplasia and heart malformations. [provided by RefSeq, May 2014] | 6 | 121435646 | 121449727 | Human | 1365 | description | gene, protein-coding, REVIEWED [RefSeq] |
| 1605323 | HMCN1 | hemicentin 1 | This gene encodes a large extracellular member of the immunoglobulin superfamily. A similar protein in C. elegans forms long, fine tracks at specific extracellular sites that are involved in many processes such as stabilization of the germline syncytium, anchora ge of mechanosensory neurons to the epidermis, and organization of hemidesmosomes in the epidermis. Mutations in this gene may be associated with age-related macular degeneration. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008] | 1 | 185734391 | 186190949 | Human | 196 | description | gene, protein-coding, REVIEWED [RefSeq] |
| 1354230 | INSL4 | insulin like 4 | INSL4 encodes the insulin-like 4 protein, a member of the insulin superfamily. INSL4 encodes a precursor that undergoes post-translational cleavage to produce 3 polypeptide chains, A-C, that form tertiary structures composed of either all three chains, or just the A and B chains. Expression of INSL4 products occurs within the early placental cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008] | 9 | 5231419 | 5235304 | Human | 27 | description | gene, protein-coding, REVIEWED [RefSeq] |
| 38641733 | LOC105369787 | endogenous retrovirus group K member 21 Env polyprotein | ENCODES a protein that exhibits structural molecule activity (inferred); INVOLVED IN syncytium formation by plasma membrane fusion; FOUND IN plasma membrane (inferred) | 12 | 58328381 | 58337040 | Human | 3 | description | gene, protein-coding, MODEL [RefSeq] |
| 151675571 | LOC124901580 | endogenous retrovirus group K member 6 Env polyprotein | ENCODES a protein that exhibits structural molecule activity (inferred); INVOLVED IN syncytium formation by plasma membrane fusion; FOUND IN plasma membrane (inferred) | 7 | 4591852 | 4599507 | Human | 3 | description | gene, protein-coding, MODEL [RefSeq] |
| 1352538 | PSG1 | pregnancy specific beta-1-glycoprotein 1 | The human placenta is a multihormonal endocrine organ that produces hormones, enzymes, and other molecules that support fetal survival and development. Pregnancy-specific beta-1-glycoprotein (PSBG, PSG) is a major product of the syncytiotrophoblast, reaching con centrations of 100 to 290 mg/l at term in the serum of pregnant women (Horne et al., 1976 [PubMed 971765]). PSG is a member of the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily (Watanabe and Chou, 1988 [PubMed 3257488]; Streydio et al., 1988 [PubMed 3260773]).[supplied by OMIM, Oct 2009] | 19 | 42866464 | 42879713 | Human | 37 | description | gene, protein-coding, VALIDATED [RefSeq] |
| 1344333 | PSG10P | pregnancy specific beta-1-glycoprotein 10, pseudogene | The human pregnancy-specific glycoproteins (PSGs) are a group of molecules that are mainly produced by the placental syncytiotrophoblasts during pregnancy. PSGs comprise a subgroup of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) family, which belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily. For additional general information about the PSG gene family, see PSG1 (MIM 176390).[supplied by OMIM, Oct 2009] | 19 | 42836997 | 42855718 | Human | 2 | description | gene, pseudo, PROVISIONAL [RefSeq] |
| 1353660 | PSG11 | pregnancy specific beta-1-glycoprotein 11 | The human pregnancy-specific glycoproteins (PSGs) are a group of molecules that are mainly produced by the placental syncytiotrophoblasts during pregnancy. PSGs comprise a subgroup of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) family, which belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily. For additional general information about the PSG gene family, see PSG1 (MIM 176390).[supplied by OMIM, Oct 2009] | 19 | 43007656 | 43026469 | Human | 21 | description | gene, protein-coding, VALIDATED [RefSeq] |
| 1353998 | PSG5 | pregnancy specific beta-1-glycoprotein 5 | The human pregnancy-specific glycoproteins (PSGs) are a group of molecules that are mainly produced by the placental syncytiotrophoblasts during pregnancy. PSGs comprise a subgroup of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) family, which belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily. For additional general information about the PSG gene family, see PSG1 (MIM 176390).[supplied by OMIM, Oct 2009] | 19 | 43167743 | 43186536 | Human | 33 | description | gene, protein-coding, VALIDATED [RefSeq] |
| 1346220 | PSG8 | pregnancy specific beta-1-glycoprotein 8 | The human pregnancy-specific glycoproteins (PSGs) are a group of molecules that are mainly produced by the placental syncytiotrophoblasts during pregnancy. PSGs comprise a subgroup of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) family, which belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily. For additional general information about the PSG gene family, see PSG1 (MIM 176390).[supplied by OMIM, Oct 2009] | 19 | 42752686 | 42765678 | Human | 20 | description | gene, protein-coding, VALIDATED [RefSeq] |
| 1351216 | RAPGEF3 | Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3 | Enables guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity and protein domain specific binding activity. Involved in several processes, including Rap protein signal transduction; cellular response to cAMP; and regulation of syncytium formation by plasma membrane fusion. Located in several cellular components, including filopodium; lamellipodium; and microvillus. Implicated in nicotine dependence. Biomarker of congestive heart failure. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Jul 2025] | 12 | 47734363 | 47758880 | Human | 183 | description | gene, protein-coding, VALIDATED [RefSeq] |
| 731947 | SLC6A2 | solute carrier family 6 member 2 | This gene encodes a member of the sodium:neurotransmitter symporter family. This member is a multi-pass membrane protein, which is responsible for reuptake of norepinephrine into presynaptic nerve terminals and is a regulator of norepinephrine homeostasis. Mutations in this gene cause orthostatic in tolerance, a syndrome characterized by lightheadedness, fatigue, altered mentation and syncope. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified in this gene.[provided by RefSeq, Feb 2010] | 16 | 55655988 | 55706192 | Human | 281 | description | gene, protein-coding, REVIEWED [RefSeq] |
| 1353248 | TAC3 | tachykinin precursor 3 | This gene encodes a member of the tachykinin family of secreted neuropeptides. The encoded preproprotein is proteolytically processed to generate the mature peptide, which is primarily expressed in the central and peripheral nervous systems and functions as a neurotransmitter. This peptide is the li gand for the neurokinin-3 receptor. This protein is also expressed in the outer syncytiotrophoblast of the placenta and may be associated with pregnancy-induced hypertension and pre-eclampsia. Mutations in this gene are associated with normosmic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants, at least one of which encodes an isoform that is proteolytically processed. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2016] | 12 | 57010000 | 57016529 | Human | 161 | description | gene, protein-coding, REVIEWED [RefSeq] |
