Sptan1 (spectrin, alpha, non-erythrocytic 1) - Rat Genome Database

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Gene: Sptan1 (spectrin, alpha, non-erythrocytic 1) Rattus norvegicus
Analyze
Symbol: Sptan1
Name: spectrin, alpha, non-erythrocytic 1
RGD ID: 621714
Description: Enables spectrin binding activity. Predicted to be involved in actin cytoskeleton organization. Located in plasma membrane. Part of protein-containing complex. Is active in glutamatergic synapse and postsynapse. Human ortholog(s) of this gene implicated in autosomal dominant distal hereditary motor neuronopathy 11 and developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 5. Orthologous to human SPTAN1 (spectrin alpha, non-erythrocytic 1); INTERACTS WITH (+)-schisandrin B; 1-naphthyl isothiocyanate; 17beta-estradiol.
Type: protein-coding
RefSeq Status: PROVISIONAL
Previously known as: a--fodrin; A2a; alpha II spectrin; alpha-fodrin; alpha-II spectrin; alpha-spectrin 2; brain alpha-spectrin; fodrin alpha chain; inhibitory protein factor; IPF; noerythroid alpha-spectrin 2; nonerythroid alpha-spectrin 2; spectrin alpha chain, brain; spectrin alpha chain, non-erythrocytic 1; spectrin, non-erythroid alpha chain; Spna2
RGD Orthologs
Human
Mouse
Chinchilla
Bonobo
Dog
Squirrel
Pig
Green Monkey
Naked Mole-Rat
Black Rat
Alliance Orthologs
More Info more info ...
Latest Assembly: GRCr8 - GRCr8 Assembly
Position:
Rat AssemblyChrPosition (strand)SourceGenome Browsers
JBrowseNCBIUCSCEnsembl
GRCr8333,639,020 - 33,703,890 (+)NCBIGRCr8GRCr8GRCr8
GRCr8 Ensembl333,607,210 - 33,703,889 (+)EnsemblGRCr8
mRatBN7.2313,241,164 - 13,306,047 (+)NCBImRatBN7.2mRatBN7.2
mRatBN7.2 Ensembl313,241,217 - 13,306,046 (+)EnsemblmRatBN7.2
UTH_Rnor_SHR_Utx316,315,861 - 16,380,393 (+)NCBIUTH_Rnor_SHR_UtxUTH_Rnor_SHR_Utx
UTH_Rnor_SHRSP_BbbUtx_1.0324,900,818 - 24,965,352 (+)NCBIUTH_Rnor_SHRSP_BbbUtx_1.0UTH_Rnor_SHRSP_BbbUtx_1.0
UTH_Rnor_WKY_Bbb_1.0323,151,547 - 23,216,077 (+)NCBIUTH_Rnor_WKY_Bbb_1.0UTH_Rnor_WKY_Bbb_1.0
Rnor_6.038,534,437 - 8,599,259 (+)NCBIRnor_6.0Rnor_6.0rn6Rnor6.0
Rnor_6.0 Ensembl38,534,440 - 8,599,260 (+)Ensemblrn6Rnor6.0
Rnor_5.0313,878,433 - 13,950,970 (+)NCBIRnor_5.0Rnor_5.0rn5
RGSC_v3.438,956,380 - 9,021,831 (+)NCBIRGSC_v3.4RGSC_v3.4rn4
Celera38,018,277 - 8,083,081 (+)NCBICelera
RGSC_v3.138,956,679 - 9,022,131 (+)NCBI
Cytogenetic Map3p12NCBI
JBrowse:




Gene-Chemical Interaction Annotations     Click to see Annotation Detail View
(+)-schisandrin B  (EXP)
(1->4)-beta-D-glucan  (ISO)
(6aR,11aS,11bR)-10-acetyl-11-hydroxy-7,7-dimethyl-2,6,6a,7,11a,11b-hexahydro-9H-pyrrolo[1',2':2,3]isoindolo[4,5,6-cd]indol-9-one  (ISO)
(S)-colchicine  (ISO)
1-naphthyl isothiocyanate  (EXP)
17beta-estradiol  (EXP,ISO)
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxine  (EXP,ISO)
2,4-dinitrotoluene  (EXP)
2,5-hexanedione  (EXP)
2,6-dimethoxyphenol  (ISO)
2,6-dinitrotoluene  (EXP)
2-hydroxypropanoic acid  (ISO)
2-nitrofluorene  (EXP)
3-isobutyl-1-methyl-7H-xanthine  (ISO)
3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione  (EXP)
4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane  (EXP)
4,4'-sulfonyldiphenol  (EXP,ISO)
4-(N-nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)butan-1-one  (EXP)
4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene  (EXP)
5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine  (ISO)
5-fluorouracil  (ISO)
acetamide  (EXP)
acetylsalicylic acid  (ISO)
aconitine  (EXP)
acrolein  (ISO)
aflatoxin B1  (EXP,ISO)
all-trans-retinoic acid  (ISO)
alpha-pinene  (ISO)
antirheumatic drug  (ISO)
arsane  (ISO)
arsenic atom  (ISO)
arsenite(3-)  (ISO)
arsenous acid  (ISO)
atrazine  (ISO)
benzo[a]pyrene  (ISO)
bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate  (ISO)
bisphenol A  (EXP,ISO)
bisphenol AF  (ISO)
Bisphenol B  (ISO)
bisphenol F  (EXP,ISO)
bleomycin A2  (EXP)
Brodifacoum  (EXP)
butan-1-ol  (ISO)
cadmium dichloride  (ISO)
caffeine  (ISO)
Calcimycin  (ISO)
calcium atom  (EXP)
calcium(0)  (EXP)
Calpeptin  (ISO)
carbon nanotube  (ISO)
CGP 52608  (ISO)
chelerythrine  (ISO)
chlordecone  (ISO)
cisplatin  (ISO)
cobalt dichloride  (ISO)
cocaine  (EXP)
copper atom  (ISO)
copper(0)  (ISO)
copper(II) chloride  (ISO)
CU-O LINKAGE  (ISO)
cycloheximide  (ISO)
cyclosporin A  (ISO)
cylindrospermopsin  (ISO)
Dehydroeburicoic acid  (ISO)
depsipeptide  (ISO)
dexamethasone  (ISO)
diarsenic trioxide  (ISO)
dicrotophos  (ISO)
diethyl fumarate  (ISO)
diethyl maleate  (ISO)
dimethyl maleate  (ISO)
dobutamine  (EXP)
doxorubicin  (ISO)
elemental selenium  (ISO)
enzyme inhibitor  (ISO)
ethanol  (ISO)
ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid  (EXP)
fenthion  (ISO)
flutamide  (EXP)
FR900359  (ISO)
fumonisin B1  (ISO)
furan  (EXP)
furfural  (ISO)
gallic acid  (ISO)
gentamycin  (EXP)
hydrogen peroxide  (ISO)
indometacin  (ISO)
ivermectin  (ISO)
kainic acid  (EXP)
ketoconazole  (ISO)
lactacystin  (ISO)
lead(0)  (ISO)
manganese atom  (EXP,ISO)
manganese(0)  (EXP,ISO)
manganese(II) chloride  (ISO)
MDL-28170  (EXP,ISO)
methamphetamine  (ISO)
methotrexate  (ISO)
methylseleninic acid  (ISO)
N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium  (ISO)
N-methyl-N-nitrosourea  (EXP)
N-nitrosodimethylamine  (EXP)
nefazodone  (EXP)
nitrates  (ISO)
nitroprusside  (ISO)
okadaic acid  (ISO)
ozone  (ISO)
p-menthan-3-ol  (ISO)
paracetamol  (ISO)
paraquat  (EXP)
PCB138  (EXP)
perfluorooctane-1-sulfonic acid  (ISO)
pirinixic acid  (ISO)
pregnenolone 16alpha-carbonitrile  (ISO)
rac-lactic acid  (ISO)
reactive oxygen species  (ISO)
resveratrol  (ISO)
SB 431542  (ISO)
selenium atom  (ISO)
sodium arsenite  (ISO)
sodium chloride  (ISO)
sodium dichromate  (ISO)
staurosporine  (ISO)
styrene oxide  (ISO)
tert-butyl hydroperoxide  (ISO)
tetrachloromethane  (EXP,ISO)
tetraphene  (ISO)
thapsigargin  (EXP,ISO)
thioacetamide  (EXP)
thiram  (ISO)
titanium dioxide  (ISO)
tributylstannane  (EXP)
Tributyltin oxide  (ISO)
triphenyl phosphate  (ISO)
triptonide  (ISO)
tungsten  (ISO)
urethane  (ISO)
valdecoxib  (EXP)
valproic acid  (EXP,ISO)
vitamin E  (ISO)
zoledronic acid  (ISO)

Gene Ontology Annotations     Click to see Annotation Detail View

Biological Process

Cellular Component

Molecular Function

References

References - curated
# Reference Title Reference Citation
1. Aberrant reduction of an inhibitory protein factor in a rat epileptic model. Amano T, etal., Epilepsy Res 2002 Sep;51(1-2):81-91.
2. Synaptic scaffolding proteins in rat brain. Ankyrin repeats of the multidomain Shank protein family interact with the cytoskeletal protein alpha-fodrin. Bockers TM, etal., J Biol Chem 2001 Oct 26;276(43):40104-12.
3. The Abl/Arg substrate ArgBP2/nArgBP2 coordinates the function of multiple regulatory mechanisms converging on the actin cytoskeleton. Cestra G, etal., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Feb 1;102(5):1731-6. Epub 2005 Jan 19.
4. Spectrin-anchored phosphodiesterase 4D4 restricts cAMP from disrupting microtubules and inducing endothelial cell gap formation. Creighton J, etal., J Cell Sci. 2008 Jan 1;121(Pt 1):110-9. Epub 2007 Dec 11.
5. Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium. Gaudet P, etal., Brief Bioinform. 2011 Sep;12(5):449-62. doi: 10.1093/bib/bbr042. Epub 2011 Aug 27.
6. Rat ISS GO annotations from GOA human gene data--August 2006 GOA data from the GO Consortium
7. Cloning and analysis of cDNA clones for rat kidney alpha-spectrin. Hong WJ and Doyle D, J Biol Chem 1989 Aug 5;264(22):12758-64.
8. The prototypical 4.1R-10-kDa domain and the 4.1g-10-kDa paralog mediate fodrin-actin complex formation. Kontrogianni-Konstantopoulos A, etal., J Biol Chem. 2001 Jun 8;276(23):20679-87. Epub 2001 Mar 23.
9. Nephrin forms a complex with adherens junction proteins and CASK in podocytes and in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells expressing nephrin. Lehtonen S, etal., Am J Pathol. 2004 Sep;165(3):923-36.
10. Cell junction-associated proteins IQGAP1, MAGI-2, CASK, spectrins, and alpha-actinin are components of the nephrin multiprotein complex. Lehtonen S, etal., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Jul 12;102(28):9814-9. Epub 2005 Jul 1.
11. Comparison of nonerythroid alpha-spectrin genes reveals strict homology among diverse species. Leto TL, etal., Mol Cell Biol 1988 Jan;8(1):1-9.
12. Role of insulin-dependent cortical fodrin/spectrin remodeling in glucose transporter 4 translocation in rat adipocytes. Liu L, etal., Mol Biol Cell. 2006 Oct;17(10):4249-56. Epub 2006 Jul 26.
13. Electronic Transfer of LocusLink and RefSeq Data NCBI rat LocusLink and RefSeq merged data July 26, 2002
14. Identification of a multiprotein "motor" complex binding to water channel aquaporin-2. Noda Y, etal., Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005 May 20;330(4):1041-7.
15. OMIM Disease Annotation Pipeline OMIM Disease Annotation Pipeline
16. A protein factor that inhibits ATP-dependent glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid accumulation into synaptic vesicles: purification and initial characterization. Ozkan ED, etal., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997 Apr 15;94(8):4137-42.
17. The giant spectrin betaV couples the molecular motors to phototransduction and Usher syndrome type I proteins along their trafficking route. Papal S, etal., Hum Mol Genet. 2013 Sep 15;22(18):3773-88. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddt228. Epub 2013 May 23.
18. GOA pipeline RGD automated data pipeline
19. ClinVar Automated Import and Annotation Pipeline RGD automated import pipeline for ClinVar variants, variant-to-disease annotations and gene-to-disease annotations
20. Data Import for Chemical-Gene Interactions RGD automated import pipeline for gene-chemical interactions
21. Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. Strausberg RL, etal., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Dec 24;99(26):16899-903. Epub 2002 Dec 11.
22. IPF, a vesicular uptake inhibitory protein factor, can reduce the Ca(2+)-dependent, evoked release of glutamate, GABA and serotonin. Tamura Y, etal., J Neurochem 2001 Feb;76(4):1153-64.
23. Spectrins in developing rat hippocampal cells. Ursitti JA, etal., Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 2001 Jul 23;129(1):81-93. doi: 10.1016/s0165-3806(01)00160-2.
Additional References at PubMed
PMID:9670010   PMID:11971983   PMID:12473194   PMID:14593108   PMID:14688621   PMID:15247274   PMID:15673434   PMID:16025302   PMID:16336193   PMID:16396499   PMID:16481394   PMID:16551741  
PMID:16641100   PMID:16882358   PMID:16943668   PMID:17276456   PMID:17634366   PMID:18723693   PMID:18796539   PMID:19292454   PMID:19524114   PMID:20114050   PMID:20131911   PMID:20458337  
PMID:20598904   PMID:22723836   PMID:22871113   PMID:23897824   PMID:24625528   PMID:24769233   PMID:25468996   PMID:28131823   PMID:28235806   PMID:29337302   PMID:29476059   PMID:29720258  
PMID:31859439   PMID:32357304   PMID:35352799   PMID:36129491  


Genomics

Comparative Map Data
Sptan1
(Rattus norvegicus - Norway rat)
Rat AssemblyChrPosition (strand)SourceGenome Browsers
JBrowseNCBIUCSCEnsembl
GRCr8333,639,020 - 33,703,890 (+)NCBIGRCr8GRCr8GRCr8
GRCr8 Ensembl333,607,210 - 33,703,889 (+)EnsemblGRCr8
mRatBN7.2313,241,164 - 13,306,047 (+)NCBImRatBN7.2mRatBN7.2
mRatBN7.2 Ensembl313,241,217 - 13,306,046 (+)EnsemblmRatBN7.2
UTH_Rnor_SHR_Utx316,315,861 - 16,380,393 (+)NCBIUTH_Rnor_SHR_UtxUTH_Rnor_SHR_Utx
UTH_Rnor_SHRSP_BbbUtx_1.0324,900,818 - 24,965,352 (+)NCBIUTH_Rnor_SHRSP_BbbUtx_1.0UTH_Rnor_SHRSP_BbbUtx_1.0
UTH_Rnor_WKY_Bbb_1.0323,151,547 - 23,216,077 (+)NCBIUTH_Rnor_WKY_Bbb_1.0UTH_Rnor_WKY_Bbb_1.0
Rnor_6.038,534,437 - 8,599,259 (+)NCBIRnor_6.0Rnor_6.0rn6Rnor6.0
Rnor_6.0 Ensembl38,534,440 - 8,599,260 (+)Ensemblrn6Rnor6.0
Rnor_5.0313,878,433 - 13,950,970 (+)NCBIRnor_5.0Rnor_5.0rn5
RGSC_v3.438,956,380 - 9,021,831 (+)NCBIRGSC_v3.4RGSC_v3.4rn4
Celera38,018,277 - 8,083,081 (+)NCBICelera
RGSC_v3.138,956,679 - 9,022,131 (+)NCBI
Cytogenetic Map3p12NCBI
SPTAN1
(Homo sapiens - human)
Human AssemblyChrPosition (strand)SourceGenome Browsers
JBrowseNCBIUCSCEnsembl
GRCh389128,552,587 - 128,633,662 (+)NCBIGRCh38GRCh38hg38GRCh38
GRCh38.p14 Ensembl9128,552,558 - 128,633,663 (+)Ensemblhg38GRCh38
GRCh379131,314,866 - 131,395,941 (+)NCBIGRCh37GRCh37hg19GRCh37
Build 369130,354,687 - 130,435,762 (+)NCBIBuild 36Build 36hg18NCBI36
Build 349128,394,439 - 128,475,426NCBI
Celera9101,965,660 - 102,046,740 (+)NCBICelera
Cytogenetic Map9q34.11NCBI
HuRef9100,926,750 - 101,007,765 (+)NCBIHuRef
CHM1_19131,465,810 - 131,546,871 (+)NCBICHM1_1
T2T-CHM13v2.09140,759,427 - 140,840,530 (+)NCBIT2T-CHM13v2.0
Sptan1
(Mus musculus - house mouse)
Mouse AssemblyChrPosition (strand)SourceGenome Browsers
JBrowseNCBIUCSCEnsembl
GRCm39229,855,572 - 29,921,463 (+)NCBIGRCm39GRCm39mm39
GRCm39 Ensembl229,855,572 - 29,921,463 (+)EnsemblGRCm39 EnsemblGRCm39
GRCm38229,965,560 - 30,031,451 (+)NCBIGRCm38GRCm38mm10GRCm38
GRCm38.p6 Ensembl229,965,560 - 30,031,451 (+)Ensemblmm10GRCm38
MGSCv37229,821,080 - 29,886,971 (+)NCBIMGSCv37MGSCv37mm9NCBIm37
MGSCv36229,787,569 - 29,853,460 (+)NCBIMGSCv36mm8
Celera229,669,500 - 29,735,203 (+)NCBICelera
Cytogenetic Map2BNCBI
cM Map220.93NCBI
Sptan1
(Chinchilla lanigera - long-tailed chinchilla)
Chinchilla AssemblyChrPosition (strand)SourceGenome Browsers
JBrowseNCBIUCSCEnsembl
ChiLan1.0 EnsemblNW_0049555701,016,510 - 1,076,499 (+)Ensembl
ChiLan1.0NW_0049555701,016,510 - 1,076,499 (+)NCBIChiLan1.0ChiLan1.0
SPTAN1
(Pan paniscus - bonobo/pygmy chimpanzee)
Bonobo AssemblyChrPosition (strand)SourceGenome Browsers
JBrowseNCBIUCSCEnsembl
NHGRI_mPanPan1-v21110,718,343 - 10,799,503 (-)NCBINHGRI_mPanPan1-v2
NHGRI_mPanPan1910,720,693 - 10,801,863 (-)NCBINHGRI_mPanPan1
Mhudiblu_PPA_v0999,674,819 - 99,755,973 (+)NCBIMhudiblu_PPA_v0Mhudiblu_PPA_v0panPan3
PanPan1.19128,341,739 - 128,422,971 (+)NCBIPanPan1.1PanPan1.1panPan2
PanPan1.1 Ensembl9128,341,739 - 128,422,971 (+)EnsemblpanPan2panpan1.1
SPTAN1
(Canis lupus familiaris - dog)
Dog AssemblyChrPosition (strand)SourceGenome Browsers
JBrowseNCBIUCSCEnsembl
CanFam3.1954,953,751 - 55,015,475 (-)NCBICanFam3.1CanFam3.1canFam3CanFam3.1
CanFam3.1 Ensembl954,953,747 - 55,015,376 (-)EnsemblcanFam3CanFam3.1
Dog10K_Boxer_Tasha954,149,445 - 54,211,133 (-)NCBIDog10K_Boxer_TashaDog10K_Boxer_Tasha
ROS_Cfam_1.0955,876,077 - 55,937,766 (-)NCBIROS_Cfam_1.0ROS_Cfam_1.0
ROS_Cfam_1.0 Ensembl955,876,080 - 55,937,760 (-)EnsemblROS_Cfam_1.0 Ensembl
UMICH_Zoey_3.1954,635,563 - 54,694,357 (-)NCBIUMICH_Zoey_3.1
UNSW_CanFamBas_1.0954,949,366 - 55,011,369 (-)NCBIUNSW_CanFamBas_1.0
UU_Cfam_GSD_1.0955,041,985 - 55,103,647 (-)NCBIUU_Cfam_GSD_1.0UU_Cfam_GSD_1.0
Sptan1
(Ictidomys tridecemlineatus - thirteen-lined ground squirrel)
Squirrel AssemblyChrPosition (strand)SourceGenome Browsers
JBrowseNCBIUCSCEnsembl
HiC_Itri_2NW_024404947196,302,505 - 196,374,135 (+)NCBIHiC_Itri_2
SpeTri2.0 EnsemblNW_00493648716,070,996 - 16,142,662 (+)EnsemblSpeTri2.0 Ensembl
SpeTri2.0NW_00493648716,071,043 - 16,142,662 (+)NCBISpeTri2.0SpeTri2.0SpeTri2.0
SPTAN1
(Sus scrofa - pig)
Pig AssemblyChrPosition (strand)SourceGenome Browsers
JBrowseNCBIUCSCEnsembl
Sscrofa11.1 Ensembl1268,936,025 - 269,002,256 (+)EnsemblsusScr11Sscrofa11.1
Sscrofa11.11268,936,120 - 269,002,261 (+)NCBISscrofa11.1Sscrofa11.1susScr11Sscrofa11.1
Sscrofa10.21302,959,613 - 303,025,990 (+)NCBISscrofa10.2Sscrofa10.2susScr3
SPTAN1
(Chlorocebus sabaeus - green monkey)
Green Monkey AssemblyChrPosition (strand)SourceGenome Browsers
JBrowseNCBIUCSCEnsembl
ChlSab1.1129,503,752 - 9,585,297 (-)NCBIChlSab1.1ChlSab1.1chlSab2
ChlSab1.1 Ensembl129,503,367 - 9,585,268 (-)EnsemblChlSab1.1 EnsemblchlSab2Vervet-AGM
Vero_WHO_p1.0NW_0236660796,662,808 - 6,746,597 (+)NCBIVero_WHO_p1.0Vero_WHO_p1.0
Sptan1
(Heterocephalus glaber - naked mole-rat)
Naked Mole-Rat AssemblyChrPosition (strand)SourceGenome Browsers
JBrowseNCBIUCSCEnsembl
HetGla_female_1.0 EnsemblNW_0046247606,331,554 - 6,386,216 (-)EnsemblHetGla_female_1.0 EnsemblhetGla2HetGla_female_1.0 Ensembl
HetGla 1.0NW_0046247606,331,554 - 6,388,953 (-)NCBIHetGla 1.0HetGla 1.0hetGla2
Sptan1
(Rattus rattus - black rat)
Black Rat AssemblyChrPosition (strand)SourceGenome Browsers
JBrowseNCBIUCSCEnsembl
Rrattus_CSIRO_v156,701,511 - 6,766,710 (-)NCBIRrattus_CSIRO_v1

Variants

.
Variants in Sptan1
314 total Variants
miRNA Target Status (No longer updated)

Predicted Target Of
Summary Value
Count of predictions:254
Count of miRNA genes:167
Interacting mature miRNAs:176
Transcripts:ENSRNOT00000045827
Prediction methods:Microtar, Miranda, Rnahybrid
Result types:miRGate_prediction

The detailed report is available here: Full Report CSV TAB Printer

miRNA Target Status data imported from miRGate (http://mirgate.bioinfo.cnio.es/).
For more information about miRGate, see PMID:25858286 or access the full paper here.


QTLs in Region (GRCr8)
The following QTLs overlap with this region.    Full Report CSV TAB Printer Gviewer
RGD IDSymbolNameLODP ValueTraitSub TraitChrStartStopSpecies
1558647Cm46Cardiac mass QTL 465.40.0000055heart mass (VT:0007028)heart wet weight (CMO:0000069)32267715050766390Rat
1358357Srcrtb1Stress Responsive Cort Basal QTL 16.360.002blood corticosterone amount (VT:0005345)plasma corticosterone level (CMO:0001173)32905627547904329Rat
6893355Bw101Body weight QTL 1010.40.38body mass (VT:0001259)body weight (CMO:0000012)3576639050766390Rat
10450811Scl73Serum cholesterol level QTL 734.70.001blood LDL cholesterol amount (VT:0000181)blood low density lipoprotein cholesterol level (CMO:0000053)3290432947904329Rat
2292615Ept17Estrogen-induced pituitary tumorigenesis QTL 176.7pituitary gland mass (VT:0010496)pituitary gland wet weight (CMO:0000853)3655634751556347Rat
10450808Scl72Serum cholesterol level QTL 724.40.001blood LDL cholesterol amount (VT:0000181)blood low density lipoprotein cholesterol level (CMO:0000053)3290432947904329Rat
1558654Bw56Body weight QTL 564.50.0000171body mass (VT:0001259)body weight (CMO:0000012)3576639050766390Rat
10450806Scl71Serum cholesterol level QTL 715.80.001blood LDL cholesterol amount (VT:0000181)blood low density lipoprotein cholesterol level (CMO:0000053)3290432947904329Rat
10401810Kidm53Kidney mass QTL 53kidney mass (VT:0002707)both kidneys wet weight to body weight ratio (CMO:0000340)32862533967641995Rat
1298526Arunc3Aerobic running capacity QTL 32.2exercise endurance trait (VT:0002332)longest distance run on treadmill (CMO:0001406)3612543751125437Rat
8693641Alc30Alcohol consumption QTL 3020.739drinking behavior trait (VT:0001422)calculated ethanol drink intake rate (CMO:0001615)33083238444921701Rat
631545Bp85Blood pressure QTL 853.1arterial blood pressure trait (VT:2000000)systolic blood pressure (CMO:0000004)3136721849Rat
1358885Bp251Blood pressure QTL 2513.8arterial blood pressure trait (VT:2000000)mean arterial blood pressure (CMO:0000009)31141509147Rat
631679Cm10Cardiac mass QTL 107.340.0001heart left ventricle mass (VT:0007031)heart left ventricle weight to body weight ratio (CMO:0000530)3655634751556347Rat
1558657Cm43Cardiac mass QTL 436.63e-08heart mass (VT:0007028)heart wet weight (CMO:0000069)32267715050766390Rat
631568Bp92Blood pressure QTL 922.20.005arterial blood pressure trait (VT:2000000)systolic blood pressure (CMO:0000004)31527234860272348Rat
70203Gcr2Gastric cancer resistance QTL 22.6stomach morphology trait (VT:0000470)stomach tumor susceptibility score (CMO:0002043)32905627547904329Rat
6893363Bw105Body weight QTL 1052.60.0036body mass (VT:0001259)body weight (CMO:0000012)3576639050766390Rat
1358888Bp264Blood pressure QTL 2644.43arterial blood pressure trait (VT:2000000)mean arterial blood pressure (CMO:0000009)35675975141509147Rat
1358185Ept6Estrogen-induced pituitary tumorigenesis QTL 66.7pituitary gland mass (VT:0010496)pituitary gland wet weight (CMO:0000853)3655634751556347Rat

Markers in Region
BF390992  
Rat AssemblyChrPosition (strand)SourceJBrowse
mRatBN7.2313,296,991 - 13,297,171 (+)MAPPERmRatBN7.2
Rnor_6.038,590,204 - 8,590,383NCBIRnor6.0
Rnor_5.0313,941,916 - 13,942,095UniSTSRnor5.0
RGSC_v3.439,012,777 - 9,012,956UniSTSRGSC3.4
Celera38,074,027 - 8,074,206UniSTS
RH 3.4 Map352.6UniSTS
Cytogenetic Map3p12UniSTS
RH133209  
Rat AssemblyChrPosition (strand)SourceJBrowse
mRatBN7.2313,306,136 - 13,306,335 (+)MAPPERmRatBN7.2
Rnor_6.038,599,349 - 8,599,547NCBIRnor6.0
Rnor_5.0313,951,061 - 13,951,259UniSTSRnor5.0
RGSC_v3.439,021,922 - 9,022,120UniSTSRGSC3.4
Celera38,083,172 - 8,083,370UniSTS
RH 3.4 Map335.9UniSTS
Cytogenetic Map3p12UniSTS
RH134500  
Rat AssemblyChrPosition (strand)SourceJBrowse
mRatBN7.2313,305,800 - 13,305,983 (+)MAPPERmRatBN7.2
Rnor_6.038,599,013 - 8,599,195NCBIRnor6.0
Rnor_5.0313,950,725 - 13,950,907UniSTSRnor5.0
RGSC_v3.439,021,586 - 9,021,768UniSTSRGSC3.4
Celera38,082,836 - 8,083,018UniSTS
Cytogenetic Map3p12UniSTS


Expression

RNA-SEQ Expression

alimentary part of gastrointestinal system
appendage
circulatory system
ectoderm
endocrine system
endoderm
exocrine system
hemolymphoid system
hepatobiliary system
integumental system
mesenchyme
mesoderm
musculoskeletal system
nervous system
renal system
reproductive system
respiratory system
sensory system
visual system
16 12 67 165 91 90 59 92 59 6 356 192 11 144 81 92 31 17 17

Sequence

Nucleotide Sequences
RefSeq Transcripts NM_171983 (Get FASTA)   NCBI Sequence Viewer   Search GEO for Microarray Profiles
  XM_008761674 (Get FASTA)   NCBI Sequence Viewer   Search GEO for Microarray Profiles
  XM_008761675 (Get FASTA)   NCBI Sequence Viewer   Search GEO for Microarray Profiles
  XM_008761676 (Get FASTA)   NCBI Sequence Viewer   Search GEO for Microarray Profiles
  XM_008761677 (Get FASTA)   NCBI Sequence Viewer   Search GEO for Microarray Profiles
  XM_039105783 (Get FASTA)   NCBI Sequence Viewer   Search GEO for Microarray Profiles
  XM_039105784 (Get FASTA)   NCBI Sequence Viewer   Search GEO for Microarray Profiles
  XM_039105785 (Get FASTA)   NCBI Sequence Viewer   Search GEO for Microarray Profiles
  XM_063284503 (Get FASTA)   NCBI Sequence Viewer   Search GEO for Microarray Profiles
  XM_063284504 (Get FASTA)   NCBI Sequence Viewer   Search GEO for Microarray Profiles
  XM_063284505 (Get FASTA)   NCBI Sequence Viewer   Search GEO for Microarray Profiles
  XM_063284506 (Get FASTA)   NCBI Sequence Viewer   Search GEO for Microarray Profiles
  XM_063284507 (Get FASTA)   NCBI Sequence Viewer   Search GEO for Microarray Profiles
  XM_063284508 (Get FASTA)   NCBI Sequence Viewer   Search GEO for Microarray Profiles
  XM_063284509 (Get FASTA)   NCBI Sequence Viewer   Search GEO for Microarray Profiles
  XM_063284510 (Get FASTA)   NCBI Sequence Viewer   Search GEO for Microarray Profiles
  XM_063284511 (Get FASTA)   NCBI Sequence Viewer   Search GEO for Microarray Profiles
  XM_063284512 (Get FASTA)   NCBI Sequence Viewer   Search GEO for Microarray Profiles
  XM_063284513 (Get FASTA)   NCBI Sequence Viewer   Search GEO for Microarray Profiles
GenBank Nucleotide AC128578 (Get FASTA)   NCBI Sequence Viewer   Search GEO for Microarray Profiles
  AF084186 (Get FASTA)   NCBI Sequence Viewer   Search GEO for Microarray Profiles
  BC070885 (Get FASTA)   NCBI Sequence Viewer   Search GEO for Microarray Profiles
  FQ230585 (Get FASTA)   NCBI Sequence Viewer   Search GEO for Microarray Profiles
  GQ502182 (Get FASTA)   NCBI Sequence Viewer   Search GEO for Microarray Profiles
  J04828 (Get FASTA)   NCBI Sequence Viewer   Search GEO for Microarray Profiles
  JAXUCZ010000003 (Get FASTA)   NCBI Sequence Viewer   Search GEO for Microarray Profiles
  M19726 (Get FASTA)   NCBI Sequence Viewer   Search GEO for Microarray Profiles
  X90845 (Get FASTA)   NCBI Sequence Viewer   Search GEO for Microarray Profiles

Ensembl Acc Id: ENSRNOT00000045827   ⟹   ENSRNOP00000042382
Type: CODING
Position:
Rat AssemblyChrPosition (strand)Source
GRCr8 Ensembl333,655,619 - 33,703,889 (+)Ensembl
mRatBN7.2 Ensembl313,241,217 - 13,306,046 (+)Ensembl
Rnor_6.0 Ensembl38,534,440 - 8,599,258 (+)Ensembl
Ensembl Acc Id: ENSRNOT00000079108   ⟹   ENSRNOP00000071811
Type: CODING
Position:
Rat AssemblyChrPosition (strand)Source
GRCr8 Ensembl333,639,065 - 33,703,889 (+)Ensembl
mRatBN7.2 Ensembl313,241,217 - 13,306,046 (+)Ensembl
Rnor_6.0 Ensembl38,547,349 - 8,598,917 (+)Ensembl
Ensembl Acc Id: ENSRNOT00000079640   ⟹   ENSRNOP00000070932
Type: CODING
Position:
Rat AssemblyChrPosition (strand)Source
GRCr8 Ensembl333,639,065 - 33,703,889 (+)Ensembl
mRatBN7.2 Ensembl313,241,217 - 13,306,046 (+)Ensembl
Rnor_6.0 Ensembl38,537,350 - 8,599,060 (+)Ensembl
Ensembl Acc Id: ENSRNOT00000082672   ⟹   ENSRNOP00000068710
Type: CODING
Position:
Rat AssemblyChrPosition (strand)Source
GRCr8 Ensembl333,639,066 - 33,703,888 (+)Ensembl
mRatBN7.2 Ensembl313,241,253 - 13,306,046 (+)Ensembl
Rnor_6.0 Ensembl38,534,476 - 8,599,260 (+)Ensembl
Ensembl Acc Id: ENSRNOT00000091697   ⟹   ENSRNOP00000072038
Type: CODING
Position:
Rat AssemblyChrPosition (strand)Source
GRCr8 Ensembl333,639,066 - 33,703,888 (+)Ensembl
mRatBN7.2 Ensembl313,241,217 - 13,306,046 (+)Ensembl
Rnor_6.0 Ensembl38,547,349 - 8,598,918 (+)Ensembl
Ensembl Acc Id: ENSRNOT00000095331   ⟹   ENSRNOP00000093423
Type: CODING
Position:
Rat AssemblyChrPosition (strand)Source
GRCr8 Ensembl333,639,066 - 33,703,888 (+)Ensembl
mRatBN7.2 Ensembl313,241,217 - 13,306,046 (+)Ensembl
Ensembl Acc Id: ENSRNOT00000099115   ⟹   ENSRNOP00000078232
Type: CODING
Position:
Rat AssemblyChrPosition (strand)Source
GRCr8 Ensembl333,651,975 - 33,703,889 (+)Ensembl
mRatBN7.2 Ensembl313,253,360 - 13,306,046 (+)Ensembl
Ensembl Acc Id: ENSRNOT00000119521   ⟹   ENSRNOP00000086903
Type: CODING
Position:
Rat AssemblyChrPosition (strand)Source
GRCr8 Ensembl333,607,210 - 33,703,888 (+)Ensembl
RefSeq Acc Id: NM_171983   ⟹   NP_741984
RefSeq Status: PROVISIONAL
Type: CODING
Position:
Rat AssemblyChrPosition (strand)Source
GRCr8333,639,069 - 33,703,889 (+)NCBI
mRatBN7.2313,241,217 - 13,306,046 (+)NCBI
Rnor_6.038,534,440 - 8,599,258 (+)NCBI
Rnor_5.0313,878,433 - 13,950,970 (+)NCBI
RGSC_v3.438,956,380 - 9,021,831 (+)RGD
Celera38,018,277 - 8,083,081 (+)RGD
Sequence:
RefSeq Acc Id: XM_039105783   ⟹   XP_038961711
Type: CODING
Position:
Rat AssemblyChrPosition (strand)Source
GRCr8333,639,070 - 33,703,890 (+)NCBI
mRatBN7.2313,254,126 - 13,306,047 (+)NCBI
RefSeq Acc Id: XM_039105784   ⟹   XP_038961712
Type: CODING
Position:
Rat AssemblyChrPosition (strand)Source
GRCr8333,639,070 - 33,703,890 (+)NCBI
mRatBN7.2313,254,126 - 13,306,047 (+)NCBI
RefSeq Acc Id: XM_039105785   ⟹   XP_038961713
Type: CODING
Position:
Rat AssemblyChrPosition (strand)Source
GRCr8333,639,070 - 33,703,890 (+)NCBI
mRatBN7.2313,254,126 - 13,306,047 (+)NCBI
RefSeq Acc Id: XM_063284503   ⟹   XP_063140573
Type: CODING
Position:
Rat AssemblyChrPosition (strand)Source
GRCr8333,639,070 - 33,703,890 (+)NCBI
RefSeq Acc Id: XM_063284504   ⟹   XP_063140574
Type: CODING
Position:
Rat AssemblyChrPosition (strand)Source
GRCr8333,639,070 - 33,703,890 (+)NCBI
RefSeq Acc Id: XM_063284505   ⟹   XP_063140575
Type: CODING
Position:
Rat AssemblyChrPosition (strand)Source
GRCr8333,639,020 - 33,703,890 (+)NCBI
RefSeq Acc Id: XM_063284506   ⟹   XP_063140576
Type: CODING
Position:
Rat AssemblyChrPosition (strand)Source
GRCr8333,639,070 - 33,703,890 (+)NCBI
RefSeq Acc Id: XM_063284507   ⟹   XP_063140577
Type: CODING
Position:
Rat AssemblyChrPosition (strand)Source
GRCr8333,639,070 - 33,703,890 (+)NCBI
RefSeq Acc Id: XM_063284508   ⟹   XP_063140578
Type: CODING
Position:
Rat AssemblyChrPosition (strand)Source
GRCr8333,639,070 - 33,703,890 (+)NCBI
RefSeq Acc Id: XM_063284509   ⟹   XP_063140579
Type: CODING
Position:
Rat AssemblyChrPosition (strand)Source
GRCr8333,639,070 - 33,703,890 (+)NCBI
RefSeq Acc Id: XM_063284510   ⟹   XP_063140580
Type: CODING
Position:
Rat AssemblyChrPosition (strand)Source
GRCr8333,639,070 - 33,703,890 (+)NCBI
RefSeq Acc Id: XM_063284511   ⟹   XP_063140581
Type: CODING
Position:
Rat AssemblyChrPosition (strand)Source
GRCr8333,639,070 - 33,703,890 (+)NCBI
RefSeq Acc Id: XM_063284512   ⟹   XP_063140582
Type: CODING
Position:
Rat AssemblyChrPosition (strand)Source
GRCr8333,639,070 - 33,703,890 (+)NCBI
RefSeq Acc Id: XM_063284513   ⟹   XP_063140583
Type: CODING
Position:
Rat AssemblyChrPosition (strand)Source
GRCr8333,639,070 - 33,703,890 (+)NCBI
RefSeq Acc Id: NP_741984   ⟸   NM_171983
- UniProtKB: P16086 (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot),   O88663 (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot),   P70477 (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot),   A6JTU2 (UniProtKB/TrEMBL),   A0A8L2QL19 (UniProtKB/TrEMBL)
- Sequence:
Ensembl Acc Id: ENSRNOP00000068710   ⟸   ENSRNOT00000082672
Ensembl Acc Id: ENSRNOP00000042382   ⟸   ENSRNOT00000045827
Ensembl Acc Id: ENSRNOP00000071811   ⟸   ENSRNOT00000079108
Ensembl Acc Id: ENSRNOP00000070932   ⟸   ENSRNOT00000079640
Ensembl Acc Id: ENSRNOP00000072038   ⟸   ENSRNOT00000091697
RefSeq Acc Id: XP_038961712   ⟸   XM_039105784
- Peptide Label: isoform X11
- UniProtKB: A0A8L2QL19 (UniProtKB/TrEMBL)
RefSeq Acc Id: XP_038961711   ⟸   XM_039105783
- Peptide Label: isoform X10
- UniProtKB: A0A0G2JTH0 (UniProtKB/TrEMBL)
RefSeq Acc Id: XP_038961713   ⟸   XM_039105785
- Peptide Label: isoform X13
- UniProtKB: Q6IRK8 (UniProtKB/TrEMBL)
Ensembl Acc Id: ENSRNOP00000093423   ⟸   ENSRNOT00000095331
Ensembl Acc Id: ENSRNOP00000078232   ⟸   ENSRNOT00000099115
RefSeq Acc Id: XP_063140575   ⟸   XM_063284505
- Peptide Label: isoform X3
- UniProtKB: A0A0G2K1Y8 (UniProtKB/TrEMBL)
RefSeq Acc Id: XP_063140573   ⟸   XM_063284503
- Peptide Label: isoform X1
- UniProtKB: A0A0G2K1Y8 (UniProtKB/TrEMBL)
RefSeq Acc Id: XP_063140577   ⟸   XM_063284507
- Peptide Label: isoform X5
- UniProtKB: A0A8L2QL19 (UniProtKB/TrEMBL)
RefSeq Acc Id: XP_063140574   ⟸   XM_063284504
- Peptide Label: isoform X2
- UniProtKB: A0A0G2K1Y8 (UniProtKB/TrEMBL)
RefSeq Acc Id: XP_063140578   ⟸   XM_063284508
- Peptide Label: isoform X6
- UniProtKB: A0A8L2QL19 (UniProtKB/TrEMBL)
RefSeq Acc Id: XP_063140576   ⟸   XM_063284506
- Peptide Label: isoform X4
- UniProtKB: A0A0G2JTH0 (UniProtKB/TrEMBL)
RefSeq Acc Id: XP_063140579   ⟸   XM_063284509
- Peptide Label: isoform X7
- UniProtKB: Q6IRK8 (UniProtKB/TrEMBL)
RefSeq Acc Id: XP_063140580   ⟸   XM_063284510
- Peptide Label: isoform X8
- UniProtKB: Q6IRK8 (UniProtKB/TrEMBL)
RefSeq Acc Id: XP_063140581   ⟸   XM_063284511
- Peptide Label: isoform X9
- UniProtKB: A0A0G2K1Y8 (UniProtKB/TrEMBL)
RefSeq Acc Id: XP_063140582   ⟸   XM_063284512
- Peptide Label: isoform X12
- UniProtKB: A0A8L2QL19 (UniProtKB/TrEMBL)
RefSeq Acc Id: XP_063140583   ⟸   XM_063284513
- Peptide Label: isoform X14
- UniProtKB: Q6IRK8 (UniProtKB/TrEMBL)
Ensembl Acc Id: ENSRNOP00000086903   ⟸   ENSRNOT00000119521
Protein Domains
EF-hand   SH3

Protein Structures
Name Modeler Protein Id AA Range Protein Structure
AF-P16086-F1-model_v2 AlphaFold P16086 1-2472 view protein structure

Transcriptome

eQTL   View at Phenogen
WGCNA   View at Phenogen
Tissue/Strain Expression   View at Phenogen

Promoters
RGD ID:13691948
Promoter ID:EPDNEW_R2473
Type:single initiation site
Name:Sptan1_1
Description:spectrin, alpha, non-erythrocytic 1
SO ACC ID:SO:0000170
Source:EPDNEW (Eukaryotic Promoter Database, http://epd.vital-it.ch/)
Experiment Methods:Single-end sequencing.
Position:
Rat AssemblyChrPosition (strand)Source
Rnor_6.038,534,436 - 8,534,496EPDNEW

Additional Information

Database Acc Id Source(s)
AGR Gene RGD:621714 AgrOrtholog
BioCyc Gene G2FUF-50240 BioCyc
Ensembl Genes ENSRNOG00000015396 Ensembl, ENTREZGENE
Ensembl Transcript ENSRNOT00000045827 ENTREZGENE
  ENSRNOT00000079108 ENTREZGENE
  ENSRNOT00000079640 ENTREZGENE
  ENSRNOT00000082672 ENTREZGENE
  ENSRNOT00000091697 ENTREZGENE
  ENSRNOT00000095331 ENTREZGENE
Gene3D-CATH 1.20.5.170 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
  1.20.58.60 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
  EF-hand UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
  SH3 Domains UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
IMAGE_CLONE IMAGE:7098134 IMAGE-MGC_LOAD
InterPro Alpha_Spectrin_SH3 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
  EF-hand-dom_pair UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
  EF-hand_Ca_insen UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
  EF_Hand_1_Ca_BS UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
  EF_hand_dom UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
  SH3-like_dom_sf UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
  SH3_domain UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
  Spectrin/alpha-actinin UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
  Spectrin_repeat UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
KEGG Report rno:64159 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
MGC_CLONE MGC:91394 IMAGE-MGC_LOAD
NCBI Gene 64159 ENTREZGENE
PANTHER SPECTRIN/FILAMIN RELATED CYTOSKELETAL PROTEIN UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
Pfam EF-hand_7 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
  EFhand_Ca_insen UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
  SH3_1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
  Spectrin UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
PhenoGen Sptan1 PhenoGen
PRINTS SH3DOMAIN UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
  SPECTRNALPHA UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
PROSITE EF_HAND_1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
  EF_HAND_2 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
  SH3 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
RatGTEx ENSRNOG00000015396 RatGTEx
SMART EFh UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
  efhand_Ca_insen UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
  SH3 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
  SPEC UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
Superfamily-SCOP Spectrin repeat UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
  SSF47473 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
  SSF50044 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
UniProt A0A0G2JTH0 ENTREZGENE, UniProtKB/TrEMBL
  A0A0G2JZ69_RAT UniProtKB/TrEMBL
  A0A0G2K1E7_RAT UniProtKB/TrEMBL
  A0A0G2K1Y8 ENTREZGENE, UniProtKB/TrEMBL
  A0A8I5ZKH2_RAT UniProtKB/TrEMBL
  A0A8I6GKA3_RAT UniProtKB/TrEMBL
  A0A8L2QL19 ENTREZGENE, UniProtKB/TrEMBL
  A6JTU2 ENTREZGENE, UniProtKB/TrEMBL
  O88663 ENTREZGENE
  P16086 ENTREZGENE
  P70477 ENTREZGENE
  Q6IRK8 ENTREZGENE, UniProtKB/TrEMBL
  SPTN1_RAT UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
UniProt Secondary O88663 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
  P70477 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot


Nomenclature History
Date Current Symbol Current Name Previous Symbol Previous Name Description Reference Status
2003-04-09 Spna2  alpha-spectrin 2  Spna2  noerythroid alpha-spectrin 2  Symbol and Name updated 629477 APPROVED
2003-03-12 Spna2  alpha-spectrin 2  A2a  alpha-fodrin  Data merged from RGD:621620 628472 PROVISIONAL
2002-08-07 Spna2  noerythroid alpha-spectrin 2      Symbol and Name status set to provisional 70820 PROVISIONAL
2002-08-07 A2a  alpha-fodrin      Symbol and Name status set to provisional 70820 PROVISIONAL

RGD Curation Notes
Note Type Note Reference
gene_domains binds to actin (beta-subunit) and calmodulin (alpha-subunit) 628460
gene_expression expressed in liver, kidney, brain, heart, intestine, lung, testis, stomach, spleen, and muscle  
gene_expression expressed in the hippocampus and cerebellum; present in the neuronal dendritic compartment and with strong enrichment toward dendritic spines and postsynaptic densities 628460
gene_function may act as the precursor to inhibitory protein factor (IPF), which inhibits synaptic vesicle uptake of glutamine and GABA 634094
gene_physical_interaction binds to actin (beta-subunit) and calmodulin (alpha-subunit) 628460
gene_physical_interaction interacts with the N-terminal ankyrin repeats of Shank1 and -3 628460
gene_process may play a role in the organization and reorganization of spines and synapses in the central nervous system 628460
gene_protein 260 kDa 628460
gene_regulation calpain protease-mediated degradation is caused by the high Ca++ and induces an increase in the glutamate binding sites 628460