RGD Reference Report - Retinoic acid enhances prostaglandin E2 production through increased expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 in rat brain microglia. - Rat Genome Database

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Retinoic acid enhances prostaglandin E2 production through increased expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 in rat brain microglia.

Authors: Kim, B  Lee, JH  Yang, MS  Jou, I  Joe, EH 
Citation: Kim B, etal., J Neurosci Res. 2008 May 1;86(6):1353-60.
RGD ID: 2300091
Pubmed: PMID:18183617   (View Abstract at PubMed)
DOI: DOI:10.1002/jnr.21593   (Journal Full-text)

Retinoic acid (RA) is a well-known antiinflammatory agent. In this study, we show that RA has a dual effect on cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in inflammatory activated microglia, the resident brain macrophages. After treatment of microglia with LPS or thrombin, COX-2 expression was induced in two phases, specifically, an initial increase at about 12 hr after stimulation followed by a decrease, and another increase at about 48-72 hr. However, PGE(2) and 15d-PGJ(2) were detected at about 12 hr, and the levels continuously increased thereafter. Interestingly, all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) suppressed the expression of early-phase COX-2 but augmented late-phase COX-2 and inhibited iNOS in the whole time sequence. ATRA enhanced PGE(2) production but had little effect on 15d-PGJ(2). Moreover, ATRA selectively up-regulated the expression of a PGE(2) synthase, mPGES-1, but had little effect on the PGD(2) synthase, H-PGDS. The results collectively suggest that ATRA modulates microglial responses to inflammatory stimulators, particularly at the late phase, via enhancement of COX-2 expression and PGE(2) production.

Gene Ontology Annotations    Click to see Annotation Detail View

Biological Process
TermQualifierEvidenceWithReferenceNotesSourceOriginal Reference(s)
response to retinoic acid  IEP 2300091 RGD 

Objects Annotated

Genes (Rattus norvegicus)
Ptges  (prostaglandin E synthase)


Additional Information