TH (tyrosine hydroxylase) - Rat Genome Database

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Gene: TH (tyrosine hydroxylase) Homo sapiens
Analyze
Symbol: TH
Name: tyrosine hydroxylase
RGD ID: 733897
HGNC Page HGNC:11782
Description: Enables enzyme binding activity; identical protein binding activity; and tyrosine 3-monooxygenase activity. Involved in catecholamine biosynthetic process; response to ethanol; and response to hypoxia. Located in several cellular components, including cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane; melanosome membrane; and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Implicated in Parkinson's disease; Parkinsonism; heroin dependence; hypertension; and obesity. Biomarker of Parkinson's disease.
Type: protein-coding
RefSeq Status: REVIEWED
Previously known as: dystonia 14; DYT14; DYT5b; TYH; tyrosine 3-hydroxylase; tyrosine 3-monooxygenase
RGD Orthologs
Mouse
Rat
Chinchilla
Bonobo
Dog
Squirrel
Pig
Green Monkey
Naked Mole-Rat
Alliance Orthologs
More Info more info ...
Allele / Splice: See ClinVar data
Latest Assembly: GRCh38 - Human Genome Assembly GRCh38
Position:
Human AssemblyChrPosition (strand)SourceGenome Browsers
JBrowseNCBIUCSCEnsembl
GRCh38112,163,929 - 2,171,815 (-)NCBIGRCh38GRCh38hg38GRCh38
GRCh38.p14 Ensembl112,163,929 - 2,171,815 (-)EnsemblGRCh38hg38GRCh38
GRCh37112,185,159 - 2,193,045 (-)NCBIGRCh37GRCh37hg19GRCh37
Build 36112,141,735 - 2,149,611 (-)NCBINCBI36Build 36hg18NCBI36
Build 34112,141,735 - 2,149,605NCBI
Celera112,221,752 - 2,229,624 (-)NCBICelera
Cytogenetic Map11p15.5NCBI
HuRef111,975,424 - 1,983,299 (-)NCBIHuRef
CHM1_1112,183,941 - 2,191,817 (-)NCBICHM1_1
T2T-CHM13v2.0112,253,295 - 2,261,192 (-)NCBIT2T-CHM13v2.0
JBrowse: View Region in Genome Browser (JBrowse)
Model


Disease Annotations     Click to see Annotation Detail View
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome  (IAGP)
brain disease  (EXP)
Brain Injuries  (ISO)
brain ischemia  (ISO)
Catalepsy  (EXP)
congestive heart failure  (ISO)
Contusions  (ISO)
delta beta-thalassemia  (IAGP)
depressive disorder  (ISO)
developmental and epileptic encephalopathy  (IAGP)
DOPA-responsive dystonia  (IAGP)
Drug-Induced Dyskinesia  (EXP)
dystonia  (EXP,IAGP)
early infantile epileptic encephalopathy  (IAGP)
epilepsy  (ISO)
essential hypertension  (EXP)
Experimental Diabetes Mellitus  (ISO)
Experimental Liver Cirrhosis  (ISO)
generalized dystonia  (IAGP)
genetic disease  (IAGP)
heart disease  (EXP)
hepatocellular carcinoma  (EXP)
heroin dependence  (IAGP)
Hyperkinesis  (EXP)
Hyperproinsulinemia  (IAGP)
hyperprolactinemia  (ISO)
hypertension  (EXP,IAGP,ISO)
hypoglycemia  (ISO)
Hypoinsulinemia  (IAGP)
immunodeficiency 39  (IAGP)
intellectual disability  (EXP,ISO)
learning disability  (EXP)
Lewy body dementia  (EXP)
Machado-Joseph disease  (ISO)
maturity-onset diabetes of the young  (IAGP)
maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 1  (IAGP)
maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 10  (IAGP)
middle cerebral artery infarction  (ISO)
myocardial infarction  (IAGP)
neonatal diabetes  (IAGP)
Nerve Degeneration  (EXP)
neuroblastoma  (EXP)
neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis  (IAGP)
obesity  (IAGP)
Parkinson's disease  (EXP,IEP,IMP,ISO)
Parkinsonism  (EXP,IAGP,IMP,ISO)
Permanent Neonatal Diabetes Mellitus 4  (IAGP)
pheochromocytoma  (EXP)
polycystic ovary syndrome  (ISO)
portal hypertension  (ISO)
Reperfusion Injury  (IEP)
schizophrenia  (IAGP)
Segawa Syndrome, Autosomal Recessive  (EXP,IAGP)
transient neonatal diabetes mellitus  (IAGP)
type 1 diabetes mellitus  (IAGP)
type 2 diabetes mellitus  (IAGP)
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 1  (IAGP)
uremia  (ISO)
withdrawal disorder  (ISO)

Gene-Chemical Interaction Annotations     Click to see Annotation Detail View
(+)-catechin  (ISO)
(+)-sesamin  (ISO)
(+)-taxifolin  (ISO)
(-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate  (ISO)
(-)-selegiline  (ISO)
(R)-adrenaline  (ISO)
(R)-noradrenaline  (ISO)
(R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol  (ISO)
(S)-AMPA  (ISO)
(S)-amphetamine  (ISO)
(S)-naringenin  (ISO)
(S)-nicotine  (EXP,ISO)
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine  (EXP,ISO)
1-Naphthylacetylspermine  (ISO)
15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2  (ISO)
17beta-estradiol  (EXP,ISO)
2',5'-Dideoxyadenosine  (ISO)
2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl  (ISO)
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxine  (ISO)
2,4-D  (ISO)
2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine  (ISO)
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde  (ISO)
3,5-dichloro-N-[[(2S)-1-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinyl]methyl]-2-hydroxy-6-methoxybenzamide  (ISO)
3,7-dihydropurine-6-thione  (ISO)
3-\{1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1H-indol-3-yl\}-4-(1H-indol-3-yl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione  (ISO)
3-Amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole  (ISO)
3-hydroxybutyric acid  (ISO)
3-methyladenine  (ISO)
3-phenylprop-2-enal  (ISO)
4,4'-sulfonyldiphenol  (ISO)
4-phenylbutyric acid  (ISO)
5-(2-chloroethyl)-4-methylthiazole  (ISO)
5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine  (EXP)
5-fluorouracil  (ISO)
6-propyl-2-thiouracil  (ISO)
7-nitroindazole  (ISO)
8-bromo-3',5'-cyclic GMP  (ISO)
9-cis-retinoic acid  (EXP)
acetic acid  (ISO)
acetylcholine  (ISO)
acrylamide  (ISO)
acrylonitrile  (ISO)
aflatoxin B1  (EXP)
Aflatoxin B2 alpha  (EXP)
agmatine  (ISO)
albiflorin  (ISO)
all-trans-retinoic acid  (EXP,ISO)
AM-251  (ISO)
amentoflavone  (ISO)
aminoguanidine  (ISO)
amitraz  (ISO)
amitrole  (ISO)
ammonium chloride  (ISO)
amphetamine  (ISO)
apigenin  (ISO)
apocynin  (ISO)
aprepitant  (ISO)
Aroclor 1254  (ISO)
arsane  (ISO)
arsenic atom  (ISO)
arsenite(3-)  (ISO)
arsenous acid  (EXP,ISO)
Asiaticoside  (ISO)
atrazine  (EXP,ISO)
baicalein  (ISO)
baicalin  (ISO)
Bardoxolone methyl  (ISO)
benzo[a]pyrene  (EXP,ISO)
beta-lapachone  (EXP)
bicuculline  (ISO)
bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide  (ISO)
bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate  (ISO)
bisphenol A  (EXP,ISO)
bisphenol F  (ISO)
BQ 123  (ISO)
bromochloroacetic acid  (ISO)
bucladesine  (ISO)
butanal  (EXP)
Butylparaben  (ISO)
cadmium atom  (EXP)
cadmium dichloride  (ISO)
caffeine  (ISO)
calcitriol  (EXP,ISO)
cannabidiol  (ISO)
carmustine  (ISO)
carnosic acid  (ISO)
Carnosol  (ISO)
carvedilol  (ISO)
chelerythrine  (ISO)
chitosan  (ISO)
Chloralose  (ISO)
chlorisondamine  (ISO)
chlorpyrifos  (EXP,ISO)
cisplatin  (ISO)
clonidine  (ISO)
clonidine (amino form)  (ISO)
clonidine (imino form)  (ISO)
clozapine  (ISO)
cobalt dichloride  (ISO)
cocaine  (ISO)
colforsin daropate hydrochloride  (EXP,ISO)
copper atom  (ISO)
copper(0)  (ISO)
copper(II) sulfate  (ISO)
corticosterone  (ISO)
Cuprizon  (ISO)
curcumin  (EXP,ISO)
cyanazine  (ISO)
cyanocob(III)alamin  (ISO)
cyclosporin A  (EXP)
cyhalothrin  (ISO)
cypermethrin  (ISO)
cytarabine  (EXP)
dabigatran  (ISO)
DDE  (ISO)
desferrioxamine B  (ISO)
desipramine  (ISO)
dexamethasone  (ISO)
diarsenic trioxide  (EXP,ISO)
diazinon  (ISO)
dichlorvos  (ISO)
dieldrin  (ISO)
diethyldithiocarbamic acid  (ISO)
dioxygen  (ISO)
dipyridamole  (ISO)
dopamine  (EXP,ISO)
dopaminechrome (enol form)  (ISO)
edaravone  (ISO)
elemental selenium  (ISO)
enzacamene  (ISO)
epibatidine  (ISO)
ethanol  (ISO)
fasudil  (ISO)
fenvalerate  (ISO)
ferrostatin-1  (ISO)
fipronil  (EXP)
flavonoids  (ISO)
fluoxetine  (ISO)
formaldehyde  (ISO)
fructose  (ISO)
ganglioside GM1  (ISO)
genistein  (ISO)
geraniol  (ISO)
ginkgetin  (ISO)
ginsenoside Re  (EXP,ISO)
glyburide  (ISO)
glycidol  (ISO)
guanethidine  (ISO)
GW 1929  (ISO)
haloperidol  (ISO)
heptachlor  (ISO)
herbicide  (ISO)
hydrogen peroxide  (EXP,ISO)
icariin  (ISO)
idazoxan  (ISO)
imidacloprid  (ISO)
juglone  (ISO)
ketoconazole  (ISO)
KT 5720  (ISO)
L-ascorbic acid  (ISO)
lead(0)  (ISO)
linalool  (ISO)
linuron  (ISO)
lipopolysaccharide  (ISO)
lithium atom  (ISO)
lithium hydride  (ISO)
lovastatin  (EXP,ISO)
LY294002  (ISO)
maneb  (ISO)
manganese atom  (ISO)
manganese(0)  (ISO)
manganese(II) chloride  (EXP,ISO)
manganese(II) sulfate  (ISO)
melatonin  (ISO)
mephedrone  (ISO)
mercaptopurine  (ISO)
metformin  (ISO)
methamphetamine  (EXP,ISO)
methoxychlor  (ISO)
methyllycaconitine  (EXP)
methylmercury chloride  (ISO)
methylphenidate  (ISO)
mevalonic acid  (EXP,ISO)
mifepristone  (EXP,ISO)
minocycline  (ISO)
misonidazole  (ISO)
mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate  (ISO)
monocrotophos  (ISO)
monosodium L-glutamate  (ISO)
montelukast  (ISO)
morphine  (ISO)
N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester  (ISO)
N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide  (ISO)
N-acetyl-L-cysteine  (ISO)
N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea  (ISO)
N-ethylmaleimide  (ISO)
N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium  (EXP,ISO)
N-nitrosodiethylamine  (ISO)
naloxone  (ISO)
naltrexone  (ISO)
nickel atom  (ISO)
nickel dichloride  (EXP)
nicotine  (EXP,ISO)
nimodipine  (ISO)
nitroprusside  (ISO)
Nookatone  (ISO)
Norbinaltorphimine  (ISO)
olanzapine  (ISO)
oleuropein  (ISO)
oridonin  (ISO)
oxidopamine  (EXP,ISO)
P(1),P(4)-bis(5'-adenosyl) tetraphosphate  (ISO)
paracetamol  (ISO)
paraquat  (EXP,ISO)
pentanal  (EXP)
perfluorodecanoic acid  (ISO)
perfluorododecanoic acid  (ISO)
perfluorononanoic acid  (ISO)
perfluorooctane-1-sulfonic acid  (ISO)
perfluorooctanoic acid  (ISO)
perfluoroundecanoic acid  (ISO)
permethrin  (ISO)
phencyclidine  (ISO)
Phenelzine  (ISO)
phenethyl caffeate  (ISO)
phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate  (EXP,ISO)
piperazine  (EXP)
piperonyl butoxide  (ISO)
pirinixic acid  (EXP)
pregabalin  (ISO)
probenecid  (ISO)
progesterone  (ISO)
propanal  (EXP)
propionic acid  (ISO)
propofol  (ISO)
prothioconazole  (EXP)
purine-6-thiol  (ISO)
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate  (ISO)
pyrroloquinoline quinone  (ISO)
quercetin  (ISO)
quercetin 3-O-beta-D-glucofuranoside  (ISO)
quercetin 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside  (ISO)
reserpine  (ISO)
resveratrol  (EXP,ISO)
rimonabant  (ISO)
risperidone  (ISO)
rotenone  (ISO)
rottlerin  (ISO)
rutin  (ISO)
salubrinal  (ISO)
saxagliptin  (ISO)
SB 203580  (ISO)
SCH 23390  (ISO)
selenium atom  (ISO)
simazine  (ISO)
sodium arsenite  (ISO)
sodium chloride  (ISO)
Sophoricoside  (ISO)
spiperone  (ISO)
streptozocin  (ISO)
sulforaphane  (ISO)
sulpiride  (ISO)
Talipexole dihydrochloride  (ISO)
tamoxifen  (ISO)
taurine  (ISO)
telmisartan  (ISO)
testosterone  (ISO)
topiramate  (ISO)
trichloroethene  (ISO)
triprolidine  (ISO)
tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate  (EXP)
urethane  (ISO)
valproic acid  (EXP,ISO)
vitamin D  (ISO)
vitamin E  (ISO)
vorinostat  (EXP)
WIN 55212-2  (ISO)
wortmannin  (ISO)
Y-27632  (ISO)
zearalenone  (EXP)
zinc atom  (ISO)
zinc sulfate  (ISO)
zinc(0)  (ISO)
zonisamide  (EXP,ISO)

Gene Ontology Annotations     Click to see Annotation Detail View

Biological Process
aminergic neurotransmitter loading into synaptic vesicle  (IEA,ISO)
anatomical structure morphogenesis  (TAS)
animal organ morphogenesis  (IEA,ISO,ISS)
aromatic amino acid metabolic process  (IEA)
catecholamine biosynthetic process  (IEA,ISO)
cellular response to alkaloid  (IEA,ISO)
cellular response to glucose stimulus  (IEA,ISO)
cellular response to growth factor stimulus  (IEA,ISO)
cellular response to manganese ion  (IEA,ISO)
cellular response to nicotine  (IEA,ISO)
cellular response to xenobiotic stimulus  (IEA,ISO)
cerebral cortex development  (IEA,ISO)
circadian sleep/wake cycle  (IEA,ISO)
cognition  (IEA,ISO)
dopamine biosynthetic process  (IDA,IEA)
dopamine biosynthetic process from tyrosine  (IBA,IEA,ISO,NAS)
eating behavior  (IEA,ISO)
embryonic camera-type eye morphogenesis  (IEA,ISS)
epinephrine biosynthetic process  (IDA)
eye photoreceptor cell development  (IEA,ISS)
fatty acid metabolic process  (IEA,ISO)
glycoside metabolic process  (IEA,ISO)
heart development  (IBA,IEA,ISO,ISS)
heart morphogenesis  (NAS)
hyaloid vascular plexus regression  (IEA,ISS)
isoquinoline alkaloid metabolic process  (IEA,ISO)
learning  (IEA,ISO,ISS)
locomotory behavior  (IEA,ISO,ISS)
mating behavior  (IEA,ISO)
memory  (IEA,ISO,ISS)
norepinephrine biosynthetic process  (IDA)
obsolete response to organic cyclic compound  (IEA)
phthalate metabolic process  (IEA,ISO)
phytoalexin metabolic process  (IEA,ISO)
pigmentation  (TAS)
regulation of heart contraction  (IEA,ISO,ISS)
response to activity  (IEA,ISO)
response to amphetamine  (IEA,ISO)
response to corticosterone  (IEA,ISO)
response to curcumin  (ISO)
response to electrical stimulus  (IEA,ISO)
response to estradiol  (IEA,ISO)
response to ethanol  (IBA,IDA,IEA,ISO)
response to ether  (IEA,ISO)
response to growth factor  (IEA,ISO)
response to herbicide  (IEA,ISO)
response to hypoxia  (IBA,IDA,IEA,ISO)
response to immobilization stress  (IEA,ISO)
response to insecticide  (IEA,ISO)
response to isolation stress  (IEA,ISO)
response to light stimulus  (IEA,ISO)
response to lipopolysaccharide  (IEA,ISO)
response to metal ion  (IEA,ISO)
response to nicotine  (IEA,ISO)
response to nutrient levels  (IEA,ISO)
response to peptide hormone  (IEA,ISO)
response to pyrethroid  (IEA,ISO)
response to salt stress  (IEA,ISO)
response to steroid hormone  (IEA,ISO)
response to xenobiotic stimulus  (IEA,ISO)
response to zinc ion  (IEA,ISO)
social behavior  (IEA,ISO)
sphingolipid metabolic process  (IEA,ISO)
synaptic transmission, dopaminergic  (IEA,ISO,ISS)
terpene metabolic process  (IEA,ISO)
visual perception  (IEA,ISS)

Cellular Component

References

References - curated
# Reference Title Reference Citation
1. The activity of some neurotransmitter-synthetizing enzymes in experimental cobalt epilepsy. Altamura AC, etal., Neurosci Lett. 1978 Jan;7(1):83-7.
2. Striatal and nigral pathology in a lentiviral rat model of Machado-Joseph disease. Alves S, etal., Hum Mol Genet. 2008 Jul 15;17(14):2071-83. Epub 2008 Apr 1.
3. Nicotine dependence in a prospective population-based study of adolescents: the protective role of a functional tyrosine hydroxylase polymorphism. Anney RJ, etal., Pharmacogenetics. 2004 Feb;14(2):73-81.
4. A human tyrosine hydroxylase isoform associated with progressive supranuclear palsy shows altered enzymatic activity. Bodeau-Pean S, etal., J Biol Chem. 1999 Feb 5;274(6):3469-75.
5. Selective losses of brainstem catecholamine neurons after hypoxia-ischemia in the immature rat pup. Buller KM, etal., Pediatr Res. 2008 Apr;63(4):364-9.
6. Activation of Different Neuronal Phenotypes in the Rat Brain Induced by Liver Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury: Dual Fos/Neuropeptide Immunohistochemistry. Bundzikova J, etal., Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2010 Nov 9.
7. Continuous DOPA synthesis from a single AAV: dosing and efficacy in models of Parkinson's disease. CederfjÀll E, etal., Sci Rep. 2013;3:2157. doi: 10.1038/srep02157.
8. Down-regulation of genes related to the adrenergic system may contribute to splanchnic vasodilation in rat portal hypertension. Coll M, etal., J Hepatol. 2008 Jul;49(1):43-51. Epub 2008 Apr 18.
9. Atrophy of mesenteric sympathetic innervation may contribute to splanchnic vasodilation in rat portal hypertension. Coll M, etal., Liver Int. 2010 Apr;30(4):593-602. Epub 2009 Nov 30.
10. Tyrosine hydroxylase Val-81-Met polymorphism associated with early-onset alcoholism. Dahmen N, etal., Psychiatr Genet. 2005 Mar;15(1):13-6.
11. Behavioral recovery in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats by cotransduction of striatum with tyrosine hydroxylase and aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase genes using two separate adeno-associated virus vectors. Fan DS, etal., Hum Gene Ther. 1998 Nov 20;9(17):2527-35.
12. Symptom-relieving and neuroprotective effects of the phytocannabinoid D(9) -THCV in animal models of Parkinson's disease. Garcia C, etal., Br J Pharmacol. 2011 Feb 16. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01278.x.
13. GOAs Human GO annotations GOA_HUMAN data from the GO Consortium
14. Association study with 33 single-nucleotide polymorphisms in 11 candidate genes for hypertension in Chinese. Gu D, etal., Hypertension. 2006 Jun;47(6):1147-54. Epub 2006 Apr 24.
15. Tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency causes progressive encephalopathy and dopa-nonresponsive dystonia. Hoffmann GF, etal., Ann Neurol. 2003;54 Suppl 6:S56-65.
16. Effects of insulin treatment without and with recurrent hypoglycemia on hypoglycemic counterregulation and adrenal catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes in diabetic rats. Inouye KE, etal., Endocrinology. 2006 Apr;147(4):1860-70. Epub 2006 Jan 5.
17. Influences of dopaminergic lesion on epidermal growth factor-ErbB signals in Parkinson's disease and its model: neurotrophic implication in nigrostriatal neurons. Iwakura Y, etal., J Neurochem. 2005 May;93(4):974-83.
18. Paraventricular nucleus corticotrophin releasing hormone contributes to sympathoexcitation via interaction with neurotransmitters in heart failure. Kang YM, etal., Basic Res Cardiol. 2011 Feb 2.
19. KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes KEGG
20. DNA polymorphisms in the tyrosine hydroxylase and GNB3 genes: association with unexpected death from acute myocardial infarction and increased heart weight. Klintschar M, etal., Forensic Sci Int. 2005 Oct 29;153(2-3):142-6. Epub 2004 Nov 6.
21. Catecholaminergic systems in stress: structural and molecular genetic approaches. Kvetnansky R, etal., Physiol Rev. 2009 Apr;89(2):535-606.
22. Association studies of dopamine synthesis and metabolism genes with multiple phenotypes of heroin dependence. Li Y, etal., BMC Med Genet. 2020 Jul 31;21(1):157. doi: 10.1186/s12881-020-01092-0.
23. Histone acetylation and expression of mono-aminergic transmitters synthetases involved in CUS-induced depressive rats. Liu D, etal., Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2014 Mar;239(3):330-6. doi: 10.1177/1535370213513987. Epub 2014 Feb 4.
24. A point mutation in the tyrosine hydroxylase gene associated with Segawa's syndrome. Ludecke B, etal., Hum Genet. 1995 Jan;95(1):123-5.
25. Ovarian expression of alpha (1)- and beta (2)-adrenoceptors and p75 neurotrophin receptors in rats with steroid-induced polycystic ovaries. Manni L, etal., Auton Neurosci. 2005 Mar 31;118(1-2):79-87.
26. Dopaminergic system dysregulation in the mrsk2_KO mouse, an animal model of the Coffin-Lowry syndrome. Marques Pereira P, etal., J Neurochem. 2008 Dec;107(5):1325-34. Epub 2008 Sep 24.
27. Time course analysis of tyrosine hydroxylase and angiotensinogen mRNA expression in central nervous system of rats submitted to experimental hypertension. Maximino JR, etal., Neurosci Res. 2006 Jul;55(3):292-9. Epub 2006 May 2.
28. Chronic estradiol exposure induces oxidative stress in the hypothalamus to decrease hypothalamic dopamine and cause hyperprolactinemia. Mohankumar SM, etal., Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2011 Mar;300(3):R693-9. Epub 2010 Dec 22.
29. The effect of streptozotocin-induced diabetes on the rat seminal vesicle: A possible pathophysiological basis for disorders of ejaculation. Morrison JF, etal., Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006 Nov;1084:267-79.
30. Decreased tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the adrenals of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Moura E, etal., Life Sci. 2005 May 6;76(25):2953-64. Epub 2005 Jan 27.
31. Activities of cerebral dihydropteridine reductase and tyrosine hydroxylase in chronic uremia in rats. Mullen BJ and Wang M, J Nutr. 1986 Jul;116(7):1298-305.
32. CRF2 mediates the increased noradrenergic activity in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and the negative state of morphine withdrawal in rats. Navarro-Zaragoza J, etal., Br J Pharmacol. 2011 Feb;162(4):851-62. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01090.x.
33. OMIM Disease Annotation Pipeline OMIM Disease Annotation Pipeline
34. Effects of Glycyrrhizae Radix on Repeated Restraint Stress-induced Neurochemical and Behavioral Responses. Park HJ, etal., Korean J Physiol Pharmacol. 2010 Dec;14(6):371-6. Epub 2010 Dec 31.
35. KEGG Annotation Import Pipeline Pipeline to import KEGG annotations from KEGG into RGD
36. SMPDB Annotation Import Pipeline Pipeline to import SMPDB annotations from SMPDB into RGD
37. ClinVar Automated Import and Annotation Pipeline RGD automated import pipeline for ClinVar variants, variant-to-disease annotations and gene-to-disease annotations
38. Data Import for Chemical-Gene Interactions RGD automated import pipeline for gene-chemical interactions
39. RGD HPO Phenotype Annotation Pipeline RGD automated import pipeline for human HPO-to-gene-to-disease annotations
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