LRRK2 (leucine rich repeat kinase 2)

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Gene: LRRK2 (leucine rich repeat kinase 2) Homo sapiens

Analyze

Symbol:

LRRK2

Name:

leucine rich repeat kinase 2

RGD ID:

1353141

HGNC Page

HGNC

Description:

Enables several functions, including GTP binding activity; cytoskeletal protein binding activity; and protein serine/threonine kinase activity. Involved in several processes, including protein phosphorylation; regulation of autophagy; and regulation of signal transduction. Acts upstream of or within negative regulation of GTPase activity and protein autophosphorylation. Located in several cellular components, including autophagosome; caveola neck; and cytoplasmic vesicle. Part of Wnt signalosome. Implicated in Crohn's disease; Parkinson's disease; Parkinson's disease 8; Parkinsonism; and cancer. Biomarker of Parkinson's disease; amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; frontotemporal dementia; and rheumatoid arthritis.

Type:

protein-coding

RefSeq Status:

REVIEWED

Previously known as:

augmented in rheumatoid arthritis 17; AURA17; DARDARIN; leucine-rich repeat kinase 2; leucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2; PARK8; Parkinson disease (autosomal dominant) 8; RIPK7; ROCO2

RGD Orthologs

Mouse

Rat

Chinchilla

Bonobo

Dog

Squirrel

Pig

Green Monkey

Naked Mole-Rat

Alliance Genes

More Info

more info ...

Allele / Splice:

See ClinVar data

Is Marker For:

Strains: SD-Tg(LRRK2*R1441C)268Rwm SD-Tg(LRRK2*G2019S)418Rwm SD-Tg(LRRK2)302Rwn

Latest Assembly:

GRCh38 - Human Genome Assembly GRCh38

Position:

Human Assembly	Chr	Position (strand)	Source	Genome Browsers
Human Assembly	Chr	Position (strand)	Source	JBrowse	NCBI	UCSC	Ensembl
GRCh38	12	40,224,997 - 40,369,285 (+)	NCBI	GRCh38	GRCh38	hg38	GRCh38
GRCh38.p13 Ensembl	12	40,196,744 - 40,369,285 (+)	Ensembl	GRCh38		hg38	GRCh38
GRCh37	12	40,618,799 - 40,763,087 (+)	NCBI	GRCh37	GRCh37	hg19	GRCh37
Build 36	12	38,905,081 - 39,049,354 (+)	NCBI	NCBI36		hg18	NCBI36
Celera	12	39,422,059 - 39,566,110 (+)	NCBI
Cytogenetic Map	12	q12	NCBI
HuRef	12	37,646,624 - 37,790,676 (+)	NCBI		HuRef
CHM1_1	12	40,584,126 - 40,728,194 (+)	NCBI		CHM1_1
T2T-CHM13v2.0	12	40,177,355 - 40,321,422 (+)	NCBI

JBrowse:

View Region in Genome Browser (JBrowse)

Model

Annotation Click to see Annotation Detail View

Disease Annotations Click to see Annotation Detail View

Alzheimer's disease 3 (IAGP)

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (IEP)

cancer (IAGP)

colitis (ISO)

Crohn's disease (IAGP)

diabetic neuropathy (ISO)

endometriosis (EXP)

frontotemporal dementia (IAGP,IEP)

genetic disease (IAGP)

Klippel-Feil syndrome 1 (IAGP)

late onset Parkinson's disease (IAGP)

Motor Disorders (EXP)

Nerve Degeneration (EXP)

neurodegenerative disease (ISO)

Parkinson's disease (EXP,IAGP,IEP)

Parkinson's disease 2 (IAGP)

Parkinson's disease 8 (IAGP)

Parkinsonism (EXP,IMP)

Psychomotor Disorders (EXP)

ptosis (EXP)

renal cell carcinoma (EXP)

rheumatoid arthritis (IEP)

Signs and Symptoms (EXP)

Spinocerebellar Ataxias (IAGP)

Weight Loss (EXP)

Gene-Chemical Interaction Annotations Click to see Annotation Detail View

1,1-dichloroethene (ISO)

1,2-dimethylhydrazine (ISO)

2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxine (ISO)

3-methyladenine (EXP)

4-hydroxyphenyl retinamide (ISO)

6-propyl-2-thiouracil (ISO)

acetamide (ISO)

aflatoxin B1 (EXP)

Aflatoxin B2 alpha (EXP)

all-trans-retinoic acid (EXP)

amphetamine (ISO)

arsenite(3-) (ISO)

bafilomycin A1 (EXP)

benzo[a]pyrene (EXP,ISO)

benzo[e]pyrene (EXP)

bisphenol A (EXP,ISO)

butanal (EXP)

cadmium atom (EXP)

carbon nanotube (ISO)

CGP 52608 (EXP)

chlorpyrifos (ISO)

cisplatin (EXP)

clozapine (EXP)

copper(II) sulfate (EXP)

corticosterone (ISO)

crocidolite asbestos (ISO)

dimethylarsinic acid (ISO)

dioxygen (EXP)

dopamine (EXP)

dorsomorphin (EXP)

doxorubicin (EXP)

endosulfan (ISO)

ethanol (ISO)

ethyl methanesulfonate (EXP)

fenamidone (ISO)

folic acid (ISO)

furan (ISO)

gentamycin (ISO)

hydrogen peroxide (ISO)

lipopolysaccharide (ISO)

luteolin (ISO)

maneb (ISO)

manganese atom (EXP)

manganese(0) (EXP)

methapyrilene (EXP)

methylarsonic acid (ISO)

N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (ISO)

N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (EXP)

nickel atom (EXP)

paracetamol (EXP,ISO)

paraquat (EXP,ISO)

pentanal (EXP)

perfluorooctane-1-sulfonic acid (EXP)

permethrin (ISO)

pirinixic acid (EXP,ISO)

resveratrol (EXP)

rotenone (EXP,ISO)

SB 431542 (EXP)

sodium arsenate (ISO)

sodium arsenite (ISO)

sulforaphane (ISO)

sunitinib (EXP)

thioacetamide (ISO)

trichloroethene (ISO)

trichostatin A (EXP)

trimellitic anhydride (ISO)

tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (EXP)

tungsten (ISO)

valproic acid (EXP)

zoledronic acid (EXP)

Gene Ontology Annotations Click to see Annotation Detail View

Biological Process

autophagy (IEA)

calcium-mediated signaling (IBA,IMP)

canonical Wnt signaling pathway (TAS)

cell differentiation (IEA)

cellular response to dopamine (IMP)

cellular response to manganese ion (IMP)

cellular response to organic cyclic compound (IBA,IEA,ISO)

cellular response to oxidative stress (IMP)

cellular response to starvation (IMP)

determination of adult lifespan (IMP)

endocytosis (IGI,IMP)

endoplasmic reticulum organization (IBA,IEA,IMP)

excitatory postsynaptic potential (IEA,ISS)

exploration behavior (IMP)

Golgi organization (IBA,IEA,IMP,ISO)

GTP metabolic process (IDA)

intracellular distribution of mitochondria (IMP)

intracellular signal transduction (IEA,ISS)

JNK cascade (IDA)

locomotory exploration behavior (IEA)

lysosome organization (IMP)

MAPK cascade (IDA)

mitochondrion localization (IMP)

mitochondrion organization (IBA,IMP)

negative regulation of autophagosome assembly (IBA,IMP)

negative regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway (IMP)

negative regulation of excitatory postsynaptic potential (IEA,ISS)

negative regulation of GTPase activity (IDA)

negative regulation of hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death (IMP)

negative regulation of late endosome to lysosome transport (TAS)

negative regulation of macroautophagy (IMP)

negative regulation of neuron death (IGI)

negative regulation of neuron projection development (IEA,ISO)

negative regulation of peroxidase activity (IEA)

negative regulation of protein binding (IMP)

negative regulation of protein phosphorylation (IEA,ISS)

negative regulation of protein processing (IDA)

negative regulation of protein processing involved in protein targeting to mitochondrion (IC)

negative regulation of protein targeting to mitochondrion (IDA)

negative regulation of thioredoxin peroxidase activity by peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation (IDA)

neuromuscular junction development (IMP)

neuron death (IMP)

neuron projection arborization (IEA,ISO)

neuron projection morphogenesis (IBA,IMP)

olfactory bulb development (IMP)

peptidyl-serine phosphorylation (IDA)

peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation (IDA,IMP)

phosphorylation (IEA,IMP)

positive regulation of autophagy (IBA,IEA,IMP,ISS)

positive regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway (IGI)

positive regulation of cellular catabolic process (IEA)

positive regulation of dopamine receptor signaling pathway (IMP)

positive regulation of histone deacetylase activity (IEA,ISO)

positive regulation of MAP kinase activity (IC,IMP)

positive regulation of microglial cell activation (IEA,ISO)

positive regulation of nitric-oxide synthase biosynthetic process (IEA,ISO)

positive regulation of programmed cell death (IDA)

positive regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process (IEA,ISS)

positive regulation of protein autoubiquitination (IDA)

positive regulation of protein binding (IDA)

positive regulation of protein kinase activity (IDA)

positive regulation of protein phosphorylation (IDA,IMP)

positive regulation of protein ubiquitination (IDA)

positive regulation of synaptic vesicle endocytosis (IEA,ISO)

positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor production (IEA,ISO)

protein autophosphorylation (IDA,IMP)

protein dephosphorylation (IEA)

protein import into nucleus (IEA,ISO)

protein localization (IEA,ISS)

protein localization to endoplasmic reticulum exit site (IBA,IEA,IMP)

protein localization to mitochondrion (TAS)

protein phosphorylation (IBA,IDA,IEA,IMP)

reactive oxygen species metabolic process (IMP)

regulation of autophagy (IMP)

regulation of branching morphogenesis of a nerve (IMP)

regulation of CAMKK-AMPK signaling cascade (IMP)

regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway (IBA,IEA,TAS)

regulation of dendritic spine morphogenesis (IBA,IEA,IMP,ISS)

regulation of dopamine receptor signaling pathway (IBA,IEA,ISS)

regulation of ER to Golgi vesicle-mediated transport (IEA,ISS)

regulation of gene expression (IEA,ISO)

regulation of kidney size (IEA,ISS)

regulation of locomotion (IMP)

regulation of lysosomal lumen pH (IMP)

regulation of membrane potential (IBA,IMP)

regulation of mitochondrial depolarization (IMP)

regulation of mitochondrial fission (TAS)

regulation of neuroblast proliferation (IMP)

regulation of neuron death (IMP)

regulation of neuron maturation (IMP)

regulation of protein kinase A signaling (IEA,ISS)

regulation of protein stability (IMP)

regulation of proteolysis (IEA)

regulation of retrograde transport, endosome to Golgi (IBA,IGI)

regulation of signal transduction (IEA)

regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic (IEA,ISS)

regulation of synaptic vesicle endocytosis (IEA)

regulation of synaptic vesicle exocytosis (IMP)

regulation of synaptic vesicle transport (IBA,IEA,ISS,TAS)

response to oxidative stress (IMP)

signal transduction (IBA)

spermatogenesis (IEA,ISO)

striatum development (IEA,ISO)

tangential migration from the subventricular zone to the olfactory bulb (IMP)

Wnt signalosome assembly (IPI,TAS)

Cellular Component

amphisome (IDA)

anchoring junction (IEA)

autolysosome (IDA)

axon (IBA,IDA,IEA,ISO,ISS)

caveola neck (IDA)

cell projection (IEA)

cytoplasm (IBA,IDA,IEA,IMP,ISO)

cytoplasmic side of mitochondrial outer membrane (IDA)

cytoplasmic vesicle (IEA,ISS)

cytosol (IBA,IDA,IEA,TAS)

dendrite (IDA,IEA,ISO,ISS)

dendrite cytoplasm (IDA)

endoplasmic reticulum (IDA,IEA,ISS)

endoplasmic reticulum exit site (IBA,IDA,IEA)

endoplasmic reticulum membrane (IEA)

endosome (IBA,IEA,ISS)

extracellular exosome (HDA)

extracellular space (HDA)

glutamatergic synapse (IEA,ISO)

Golgi apparatus (IBA,IDA,IEA,ISS)

Golgi membrane (IEA)

Golgi-associated vesicle (IDA)

growth cone (IDA)

inclusion body (IMP)

intracellular membrane-bounded organelle (IBA,IDA,IEA,ISO)

lysosome (IBA,IEA,ISS)

membrane (IEA,ISO)

membrane raft (IBA,IEA)

microvillus (IDA)

mitochondrial inner membrane (IEA,ISS)

mitochondrial matrix (IEA,ISS)

mitochondrial membrane (IDA)

mitochondrial outer membrane (IBA,IEA,ISS)

mitochondrion (IDA,IEA)

multivesicular body, internal vesicle (IDA)

neuron projection (IDA,IEA,ISO)

neuronal cell body (IDA,IEA,ISO)

perikaryon (IBA,IDA,IEA,ISS)

plasma membrane (IBA,IDA,IEA)

postsynapse (IEA)

presynaptic cytosol (IEA,ISO)

ribonucleoprotein complex (IEA)

synapse (IEA,ISO)

synaptic vesicle (IEA)

synaptic vesicle membrane (IEA)

terminal bouton (TAS)

trans-Golgi network (IEA)

Wnt signalosome (IDA,IEA,NAS)

Molecular Function

actin binding (IPI)

ATP binding (IEA)

beta-catenin destruction complex binding (IEA,NAS)

clathrin binding (IPI)

co-receptor binding (TAS)

GTP binding (IDA,IEA,TAS)

GTP-dependent protein kinase activity (IDA,IMP)

GTPase activator activity (IDA,IEA)

GTPase activity (IDA,IEA)

hydrolase activity (IEA)

identical protein binding (IEA,IPI)

JUN kinase kinase kinase activity (IDA)

kinase activity (IDA,IEA,IMP)

magnesium ion binding (IMP)

MAP kinase kinase kinase activity (IDA)

microtubule binding (TAS)

nucleotide binding (IEA)

peroxidase inhibitor activity (IDA)

protein binding (IPI)

protein homodimerization activity (IPI)

protein kinase A binding (IBA,IEA,IPI)

protein kinase activity (IDA,IEA)

protein serine kinase activity (IEA)

protein serine/threonine kinase activity (EXP,IBA,IDA,IEA,IMP,TAS)

protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity (IBA)

protein serine/threonine/tyrosine kinase activity (IEA)

signaling receptor complex adaptor activity (IC)

small GTPase binding (IEA,IPI)

SNARE binding (IBA,IPI)

syntaxin-1 binding (IPI)

transferase activity (IEA)

transmembrane transporter binding (IPI)

tubulin binding (IDA)

Molecular Pathway Annotations Click to see Annotation Detail View

Parkinson's disease pathway (IEA,TAS)

Phenotype Annotations Click to see Annotation Detail View

Human Phenotype

Abnormal autonomic nervous system physiology (IAGP)

Abnormality of higher mental function (IAGP)

Abnormality of the sense of smell (IAGP)

Agitation (IAGP)

Akinesia (IAGP)

Anxiety (IAGP)

Apathy (IAGP)

Autosomal dominant inheritance (IAGP)

Bradykinesia (IAGP)

Cerebral cortical atrophy (IAGP)

Chronic constipation (IAGP)

Color vision defect (IAGP)

Constipation (IAGP)

Dementia (IAGP)

Depression (IAGP)

Diarrhea (IAGP)

Diplopia (IAGP)

Dyskinesia (IAGP)

Dysphagia (IAGP)

Dystonia (IAGP)

Female sexual dysfunction (IAGP)

Frequent falls (IAGP)

Frontal lobe dementia (IAGP)

Frontotemporal dementia (IAGP)

Gait disturbance (IAGP)

Gait imbalance (IAGP)

Gastroparesis (IAGP)

Gliosis (IAGP)

Hallucinations (IAGP)

Hyperreflexia (IAGP)

Hypomimic face (IAGP)

Hyposmia (IAGP)

Impaired social interactions (IAGP)

Impulsivity (IAGP)

Incomplete penetrance (IAGP)

Insomnia (IAGP)

Lewy bodies (IAGP)

Low frustration tolerance (IAGP)

Male sexual dysfunction (IAGP)

Monotonic speech (IAGP)

Muscle spasm (IAGP)

Nausea (IAGP)

Neoplasm (IAGP)

Orthostatic hypotension due to autonomic dysfunction (IAGP)

Panic attack (IAGP)

Parkinsonism (IAGP)

Parkinsonism with favorable response to dopaminergic medication (IAGP)

Postural instability (IAGP)

Resting tremor (IAGP)

Restless legs (IAGP)

Rigidity (IAGP)

Schizophrenia (IAGP)

Short attention span (IAGP)

Shuffling gait (IAGP)

Sleep disturbance (IAGP)

Slowly progressive (IAGP)

Spastic/hyperactive bladder (IAGP)

Spasticity (IAGP)

Spinocerebellar atrophy (IAGP)

Substantia nigra gliosis (IAGP)

Tremor (IAGP)

Visual hallucinations (IAGP)

Weight loss (IAGP)

References

References - curated

#	Reference Title	Reference Citation
1.	Novel pathogenic LRRK2 p.Asn1437His substitution in familial Parkinson's disease.	Aasly JO, etal., Mov Disord. 2010 Oct 15;25(13):2156-63.
2.	Genes associated with Parkinson's disease: regulation of autophagy and beyond.	Beilina A and Cookson MR, J Neurochem. 2015 Jul 30. doi: 10.1111/jnc.13266.
3.	Clinical and brain imaging characteristics in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2-associated PD and asymptomatic mutation carriers.	Brockmann K, etal., Mov Disord. 2011 Oct 11. doi: 10.1002/mds.23991.
4.	LRRK2 R1398H polymorphism is associated with decreased risk of Parkinson's disease in a Han Chinese population.	Chen L, etal., Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2011 May;17(4):291-2. Epub 2010 Dec 14.
5.	Abrogation of a-synuclein-mediated dopaminergic neurodegeneration in LRRK2-deficient rats.	Daher JP, etal., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014 Jun 24;111(25):9289-94. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1403215111. Epub 2014 Jun 9.
6.	Impaired intracellular trafficking defines early Parkinson's disease.	Hunn BH, etal., Trends Neurosci. 2015 Mar;38(3):178-88. doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2014.12.009. Epub 2015 Jan 29.
7.	Inhibitors of leucine-rich repeat kinase-2 protect against models of Parkinson's disease.	Lee BD, etal., Nat Med. 2010 Sep;16(9):998-1000. Epub 2010 Aug 22.
8.	Lrrk2 S1647T and BDNF V66M interact with environmental factors to increase risk of Parkinson's disease.	Lin CH, etal., Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2011 Feb;17(2):84-8. Epub 2010 Dec 16.
9.	The kinase LRRK2 is a regulator of the transcription factor NFAT that modulates the severity of inflammatory bowel disease.	Liu Z, etal., Nat Immunol. 2011 Oct 9. doi: 10.1038/ni.2113.
10.	Lrrk2 and chronic inflammation are linked to pallido-ponto-nigral degeneration caused by the N279K tau mutation.	Miklossy J, etal., Acta Neuropathol. 2007 Sep;114(3):243-54. Epub 2007 Jul 17.
11.	Gait alterations in healthy carriers of the LRRK2 G2019S mutation.	Mirelman A, etal., Ann Neurol. 2011 Jan;69(1):193-7. doi: 10.1002/ana.22165.
12.	Isolation and expression profiling of genes upregulated in bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells of rheumatoid arthritis patients.	Nakamura N, etal., DNA Res. 2006 Aug 31;13(4):169-83.
13.	OMIM Disease Annotation Pipeline	OMIM Disease Annotation Pipeline
14.	KEGG Annotation Import Pipeline	Pipeline to import KEGG annotations from KEGG into RGD
15.	ClinVar Automated Import and Annotation Pipeline	RGD automated import pipeline for ClinVar variants, variant-to-disease annotations and gene-to-disease annotations
16.	Data Import for Chemical-Gene Interactions	RGD automated import pipeline for gene-chemical interactions
17.	RGD HPO Phenotype Annotation Pipeline	RGD automated import pipeline for human HPO-to-gene-to-disease annotations
18.	Penetrance in Parkinson's disease related to the LRRK2 R1441G mutation in the Basque country (Spain).	Ruiz-Martinez J, etal., Mov Disord. 2010 Oct 30;25(14):2340-5.
19.	LRRK2 G2019S mutations are associated with an increased cancer risk in Parkinson disease.	Saunders-Pullman R, etal., Mov Disord. 2010 Nov 15;25(15):2536-41.
20.	Comprehensive mutational analysis of LRRK2 reveals variants supporting association with autosomal dominant Parkinson's disease.	Seki N, etal., J Hum Genet. 2011 Sep;56(9):671-5. doi: 10.1038/jhg.2011.79. Epub 2011 Jul 28.
21.	Differential gene expression in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.	Shtilbans A, etal., Amyotroph Lateral Scler. 2011 Jul;12(4):250-6. Epub 2011 Mar 4.
22.	High frequency and reduced penetrance of lRRK2 g2019S mutation among Parkinson's disease patients in Cantabria (Spain).	Sierra M, etal., Mov Disord. 2011 Sep 27. doi: 10.1002/mds.23965.
23.	LRRK2 G2019S mutation does not contribute to Parkinson's disease in South India.	Vijayan B, etal., Neurol India. 2011 Mar-Apr;59(2):157-60.
24.	Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 is associated with the endoplasmic reticulum in dopaminergic neurons and accumulates in the core of Lewy bodies in Parkinson disease.	Vitte J, etal., J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2010 Sep;69(9):959-72.
25.	Mitochondrial dysfunction driven by the LRRK2-mediated pathway is associated with loss of Purkinje cells and motor coordination deficits in diabetic rat model.	Yang S, etal., Cell Death Dis. 2014 May 8;5:e1217. doi: 10.1038/cddis.2014.184.

Additional References at PubMed

PMID:11891824	PMID:12213963	PMID:12477932	PMID:14691730	PMID:14702039	PMID:15146197	PMID:15541308	PMID:15541309	PMID:15680455	PMID:15680456	PMID:15680457	PMID:15726496
PMID:15732108	PMID:15811454	PMID:15852371	PMID:15880653	PMID:15884041	PMID:15925109	PMID:15929036	PMID:15955578	PMID:15955629	PMID:16001413	PMID:16081470	PMID:16087219
PMID:16102903	PMID:16102999	PMID:16115731	PMID:16145815	PMID:16149095	PMID:16157901	PMID:16157908	PMID:16157909	PMID:16172858	PMID:16240353	PMID:16247070	PMID:16250030
PMID:16251215	PMID:16254973	PMID:16269443	PMID:16269541	PMID:16272164	PMID:16272257	PMID:16275903	PMID:16298482	PMID:16321986	PMID:16333314	PMID:16352719	PMID:16436781
PMID:16436782	PMID:16437559	PMID:16467219	PMID:16511860	PMID:16532471	PMID:16533964	PMID:16602113	PMID:16614029	PMID:16616379	PMID:16622854	PMID:16622859	PMID:16632201
PMID:16633828	PMID:16643318	PMID:16671078	PMID:16728648	PMID:16750377	PMID:16750929	PMID:16758483	PMID:16781064	PMID:16817197	PMID:16822348	PMID:16865326	PMID:16928343
PMID:16939701	PMID:16966498	PMID:16966501	PMID:16966502	PMID:16966681	PMID:16980962	PMID:16991141	PMID:17017533	PMID:17017534	PMID:17019612	PMID:17020475	PMID:17044089
PMID:17050822	PMID:17052850	PMID:17060595	PMID:17078063	PMID:17080443	PMID:17083102	PMID:17095157	PMID:17097110	PMID:17114044	PMID:17115391	PMID:17116211	PMID:17120249
PMID:17149721	PMID:17151837	PMID:17160203	PMID:17179858	PMID:17187665	PMID:17200152	PMID:17215492	PMID:17216639	PMID:17222106	PMID:17222580	PMID:17225181	PMID:17230458
PMID:17235449	PMID:17253937	PMID:17260967	PMID:17314670	PMID:17324517	PMID:17335904	PMID:17341485	PMID:17352347	PMID:17353388	PMID:17377919	PMID:17385669	PMID:17388990
PMID:17394548	PMID:17395370	PMID:17400507	PMID:17409193	PMID:17419834	PMID:17427941	PMID:17433753	PMID:17440812	PMID:17442267	PMID:17447891	PMID:17469194	PMID:17470139
PMID:17482357	PMID:17512502	PMID:17523199	PMID:17540608	PMID:17584768	PMID:17596714	PMID:17611037	PMID:17614198	PMID:17622782	PMID:17625107	PMID:17659642	PMID:17706965
PMID:17720280	PMID:17803032	PMID:17803033	PMID:17804834	PMID:17846883	PMID:17868389	PMID:17880562	PMID:17914064	PMID:17938369	PMID:17960808	PMID:17971075	PMID:17978862
PMID:17999435	PMID:18045479	PMID:18097165	PMID:18097693	PMID:18098275	PMID:18182054	PMID:18197194	PMID:18201193	PMID:18201824	PMID:18211709	PMID:18213618	PMID:18214993
PMID:18230735	PMID:18265005	PMID:18272292	PMID:18316234	PMID:18322385	PMID:18322396	PMID:18337586	PMID:18338801	PMID:18353371	PMID:18367605	PMID:18378882	PMID:18379513
PMID:18397888	PMID:18412265	PMID:18434642	PMID:18435766	PMID:18445495	PMID:18450497	PMID:18464276	PMID:18484993	PMID:18486522	PMID:18523722	PMID:18523869	PMID:18539534
PMID:18539535	PMID:18541113	PMID:18544747	PMID:18556235	PMID:18587394	PMID:18602856	PMID:18617409	PMID:18621566	PMID:18634852	PMID:18644660	PMID:18665323	PMID:18666856
PMID:18675914	PMID:18701920	PMID:18704525	PMID:18716801	PMID:18718805	PMID:18752982	PMID:18781329	PMID:18804399	PMID:18805725	PMID:18809839	PMID:18848304	PMID:18923807
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PMID:28028237	PMID:28071824	PMID:28099919	PMID:28102045	PMID:28131193	PMID:28158614	PMID:28202664	PMID:28202665	PMID:28202666	PMID:28202667	PMID:28202668	PMID:28202669
PMID:28202670	PMID:28202674	PMID:28202680	PMID:28202711	PMID:28205494	PMID:28235153	PMID:28320779	PMID:28321439	PMID:28352666	PMID:28406934	PMID:28445933	PMID:28453723
PMID:28483388	PMID:28487191	PMID:28582422	PMID:28647363	PMID:28657124	PMID:28679601	PMID:28686318	PMID:28697798	PMID:28710481	PMID:28720718	PMID:28723952	PMID:28826027
PMID:28888991	PMID:28941828	PMID:28973420	PMID:28973664 &nb

Gene Annotator (Functional Annotation) unavailable	Gene Annotator (Annotation Distribution) unavailable	Variant Visualizer (Genomic Variants) unavailble Variant Visualizer (Genomic Variants) unavailable
Gene Annotator (Functional Annotation)	Gene Annotator (Annotation Distribution)	Variant Visualizer (Genomic Variants)

InterViewer (Protein-Protein Interactions) unavailable	Gviewer (Genome Viewer) unavailable	Variant Visualizer (Damaging Variants) unavailble Variant Visualizer (Damaging Variants) unavailable
InterViewer (Protein-Protein Interactions)	GViewer (Genome Viewer)	Variant Visualizer (Damaging Variants)

Gene Annotator (Annotation Comparison) unavailable	OLGA (Gene List Generator) unavailable
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MOET (Multi-Ontology Enrichement) unavailable	GOLF (Gene-Ortholog Location Finder) unavailable
MOET (Multi-Ontology Enrichement)	GOLF (Gene-Ortholog Location Finder)

Imported Disease Annotations - ClinVar

Imported Disease Annotations - CTD

Imported Disease Annotations - OMIM

RGD Manual Annotations

Imported Annotations - KEGG (archival)

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Imported Disease Annotations - ClinVar

Imported Disease Annotations - CTD

Imported Disease Annotations - OMIM

RGD Manual Annotations

Imported Annotations - KEGG (archival)