greater than the normal blood concentration of the peptide hormone produced mainly by P/D1 cells lining the fundus of the stomach and epsilon cells of the pancreas that normally stimulates hunger and serves as a potent stimulator of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary gland
increased circulating glucagon level
increased circulating glucocorticoid level +
increased circulating gonadotropin level +
increased circulating insulin level
increased circulating insulin-like growth factor I level