Send us a Message
Submit Data |  Help |  Video Tutorials |  News |  Publications |  Download |  REST API |  Citing RGD |  Contact   
Search RGD Grant Resources Citing RGD About Us Contact Us
Genes Variants Community Projects QTLs Strains Markers Genome Information Ontologies Cell Lines References Download Submit Data
OntoMate (Literature Search) JBrowse (Genome Browser) Synteny Browser (VCMap) Variant Visualizer Multi-Ontology Enrichment (MOET) Gene-Ortholog Location Finder (GOLF) InterViewer (Protein-Protein Interactions) PhenoMiner (Quatitative Phenotypes) Gene Annotator OLGA (Gene List Generator) AllianceMine GViewer (Genome Viewer)
Aging & Age-Related Disease Cancer & Neoplastic Disease Cardiovascular Disease Coronavirus Disease Developmental Disease Diabetes Hematologic Disease Immune & Inflammatory Disease Infectious Disease Liver Disease Neurological Disease Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome Renal Disease Respiratory Disease Sensory Organ Disease
Find Models Genetic Models Autism Models Rat PhenoMiner (Quantitative Phenotypes) Chinchilla PhenoMiner Expected Ranges (Quantitative Phenotype) PhenoMiner Term Comparison Hybrid Rat Diversity Panel Phenotypes Phenotypes in Other Animal Models Animal Husbandry Strain Medical Records Phylogenetics Strain Availability Calendar Rats 101 Submissions Photo Archive
Pathways
Rat Community Forum Directory of Rat Laboratories Video Tutorials News RGD Publications RGD Presentations Archive Nomenclature Guidelines Resource Links Laboratory Resources Employment Resources
Advanced Search (OLGA)

PATHWAY ONTOLOGY - ANNOTATIONS

The Pathway Ontology (PW), is currently being developed at the Rat Genome Database. For more information about this vocabulary, please see Petri et al. The rat genome database pathway portal. Database (Oxford). 2011 Apr 8;2011:bar010. Print 2011 or contact us (http://rgd.mcw.edu/contact/index.shtml).
Term:mTOR signaling pathway
go back to main search page
Accession:PW:0000180 term browser browse the term
Definition:The mTOR signaling pathway regulates cellular processes such as translation, ribosome biogenesis, cell growth and autophagy and is regulated by or responds to growth factors, energy metabolites and/or levels of nutrients.
Synonyms:related_synonym: MTOR signalling;   TOR signaling
View Interactive Diagram


show annotations for term's descendants           Sort by:
mTOR signaling pathway term browser
Symbol Object Name Evidence Notes Source PubMed Reference(s) RGD Reference(s) Position
G AKT1 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 ISO PID PID:200096
G AKT1S1 AKT1 substrate 1 ISO PID
RGD		 PMID:19339977 PMID:22500797 PID:200096 RGD:11535033 RGD:2308795 NCBI chr 6:54,881,581...54,890,917
Ensembl chr 6:54,881,588...54,890,641 		JBrowse link
G ATG13 autophagy related 13 ISO PID PID:200096 NCBI chr 2:15,856,859...15,916,122
Ensembl chr 2:15,856,860...15,916,109 		JBrowse link
G BNIP3 BCL2 interacting protein 3 ISO PID PID:200096 NCBI chr14:140,362,123...140,371,951
Ensembl chr14:140,362,127...140,371,907 		JBrowse link
G BRAF B-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase ISO PID PID:200096 NCBI chr18:8,957,963...9,132,558
Ensembl chr18:8,957,991...9,132,553 		JBrowse link
G CASTOR1 cytosolic arginine sensor for mTORC1 subunit 1 ISO RGD PMID:27015302 RGD:11535047 NCBI chr14:47,261,905...47,266,729
Ensembl chr14:47,261,911...47,266,996 		JBrowse link
G CASTOR2 cytosolic arginine sensor for mTORC1 subunit 2 ISO RGD PMID:27015302 RGD:11535047 NCBI chr 3:11,956,289...12,039,913
Ensembl chr 3:11,956,300...12,039,978 		JBrowse link
G CCNE1 cyclin E1 ISO PID PID:200096 NCBI chr 6:39,919,541...39,933,224
Ensembl chr 6:39,919,624...39,933,363 		JBrowse link
G CDK2 cyclin dependent kinase 2 ISO PID PID:200096 NCBI chr 5:21,365,723...21,372,170
Ensembl chr 5:21,365,764...21,372,168 		JBrowse link
G CLIP1 CAP-Gly domain containing linker protein 1 ISO PID PID:200096 NCBI chr14:30,320,870...30,467,095
Ensembl chr14:30,320,958...30,467,657 		JBrowse link
G CXCL8 C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8 ISO RGD PMID:26078356 RGD:11526468 NCBI chr 8:69,932,646...69,935,861
Ensembl chr 8:69,932,643...69,935,861 		JBrowse link
G CYCS cytochrome c, somatic ISO PID PID:200096 NCBI chr18:47,169,921...47,172,212
Ensembl chr18:47,169,866...47,173,866 		JBrowse link
G DDIT4 DNA damage inducible transcript 4 ISO PID PID:200096 NCBI chr14:75,117,708...75,119,907
Ensembl chr14:75,117,710...75,119,902 		JBrowse link
G DEPDC5 DEP domain containing 5, GATOR1 subcomplex subunit ISO RGD PMID:24698685 RGD:11535043 NCBI chr14:48,421,788...48,523,530
Ensembl chr14:48,421,880...48,523,593 		JBrowse link
G DEPTOR DEP domain containing MTOR interacting protein ISO PID
RGD		 PMID:22500797 PID:200096 RGD:11535033 NCBI chr 4:18,969,509...19,180,131
Ensembl chr 4:18,976,743...19,180,117 		JBrowse link
G EEF2 eukaryotic translation elongation factor 2 ISO PID PID:200096 NCBI chr 2:74,746,541...74,756,687
Ensembl chr 2:74,747,080...74,756,680 		JBrowse link
G EEF2K eukaryotic elongation factor 2 kinase ISO PID PID:200096 NCBI chr 3:23,887,120...23,980,231
Ensembl chr 3:23,887,125...23,956,373 		JBrowse link
G EIF4A1 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A1 ISO PID PID:200096 NCBI chr12:52,868,479...52,874,248
Ensembl chr12:52,868,434...52,874,249 		JBrowse link
G EIF4B eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4B ISO PID PID:200096 NCBI chr 5:18,266,471...18,298,745
Ensembl chr 5:18,266,732...18,297,196 		JBrowse link
G EIF4E eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E ISO PID PID:200096 NCBI chr 8:121,409,633...121,464,467
Ensembl chr 8:121,409,731...121,464,471 		JBrowse link
G EIF4EBP1 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 ISO PID
RGD		 PMID:16885148 PMID:19339977 PID:200096 RGD:1625616 RGD:2308795 NCBI chr15:48,423,001...48,443,373
Ensembl chr15:48,422,816...48,443,399 		JBrowse link
G FBXW11 F-box and WD repeat domain containing 11 ISO PID PID:200096 NCBI chr16:52,212,401...52,337,893
Ensembl chr16:52,212,607...52,337,913 		JBrowse link
G FKBP1A FKBP prolyl isomerase 1A ISO RGD PMID:22500797 RGD:11535033 NCBI chr17:33,910,047...33,935,212 JBrowse link
G FLCN folliculin ISO RGD PMID:27076075 RGD:11535042 NCBI chr12:61,029,186...61,045,400
Ensembl chr12:61,031,157...61,045,392 		JBrowse link
G FNIP1 folliculin interacting protein 1 ISO RGD PMID:27076075 RGD:11535042 NCBI chr 2:133,958,112...134,093,408
Ensembl chr 2:133,957,553...134,093,413 		JBrowse link
G FNIP2 folliculin interacting protein 2 ISO RGD PMID:27076075 RGD:11535042 NCBI chr 8:47,702,877...47,838,541
Ensembl chr 8:47,702,961...47,838,535 		JBrowse link
G HRAS HRas proto-oncogene, GTPase ISO PID PID:200096 NCBI chr 2:299,662...302,539
Ensembl chr 2:299,660...302,501 		JBrowse link
G IKBKB inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B kinase subunit beta ISO PID PID:200096 NCBI chr17:11,289,607...11,348,557
Ensembl chr17:11,289,690...11,348,549 		JBrowse link
G IRS1 insulin receptor substrate 1 ISO PID PID:200096 NCBI chr15:128,245,846...128,307,321
Ensembl chr15:128,245,846...128,307,284 		JBrowse link
G LAMTOR1 late endosomal/lysosomal adaptor, MAPK and MTOR activator 1 ISO RGD PMID:24698685 RGD:11535043 NCBI chr 9:6,674,045...6,680,067
Ensembl chr 9:6,672,475...6,680,053 		JBrowse link
G LAMTOR2 late endosomal/lysosomal adaptor, MAPK and MTOR activator 2 ISO RGD PMID:24698685 RGD:11535043 NCBI chr 4:93,972,112...93,975,561
Ensembl chr 4:93,971,871...93,976,304 		JBrowse link
G LAMTOR3 late endosomal/lysosomal adaptor, MAPK and MTOR activator 3 ISO RGD PMID:24698685 RGD:11535043 NCBI chr 8:120,625,897...120,642,630
Ensembl chr 8:120,623,550...120,643,072 		JBrowse link
G LAMTOR4 late endosomal/lysosomal adaptor, MAPK and MTOR activator 4 ISO RGD PMID:24698685 RGD:11535043 NCBI chr 3:8,119,338...8,171,790
Ensembl chr 3:8,155,188...8,164,721 		JBrowse link
G LAMTOR5 late endosomal/lysosomal adaptor, MAPK and MTOR activator 5 ISO RGD PMID:24698685 RGD:11535043 NCBI chr 4:109,722,664...109,728,278
Ensembl chr 4:109,722,913...109,728,257 		JBrowse link
G LPIN1 lipin 1 ISO RGD PMID:11792863 RGD:1641823 NCBI chr 3:124,940,557...125,074,137
Ensembl chr 3:124,940,561...125,074,122 		JBrowse link
G MAP2K1 mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 ISO PID PID:200096 NCBI chr 1:164,381,892...164,469,313
Ensembl chr 1:164,381,845...164,471,226 		JBrowse link
G MAP2K2 mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2 ISO PID PID:200096 NCBI chr 2:74,626,739...74,651,352
Ensembl chr 2:74,626,783...74,651,348 		JBrowse link
G MAPK1 mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 ISO PID PID:200096 NCBI chr14:50,083,079...50,165,528
Ensembl chr14:50,082,896...50,165,513 		JBrowse link
G MAPK3 mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 ISO PID PID:200096 NCBI chr 3:18,291,444...18,299,410
Ensembl chr 3:18,291,445...18,299,567 		JBrowse link
G MAPKAP1 MAPK associated protein 1 ISO PID
RGD		 PMID:19339977 PMID:22500797 PID:200096 RGD:11535033 RGD:2308795 NCBI chr 1:266,096,192...266,346,384
Ensembl chr 1:266,096,194...266,346,210 		JBrowse link
G MIOS meiosis regulator for oocyte development ISO RGD PMID:24698685 RGD:11535043 NCBI chr 9:77,851,764...77,892,417
Ensembl chr 9:77,851,765...77,893,216 		JBrowse link
G MLST8 MTOR associated protein, LST8 homolog ISO PID
RGD		 PMID:12718876 PMID:19339977 PMID:22500797 PID:200096 RGD:11535033 RGD:1626104 RGD:2308795 NCBI chr 3:39,778,746...39,786,206
Ensembl chr 3:39,778,754...39,788,285 		JBrowse link
G MTOR mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase ISO PID
RGD		 PMID:16885148 PMID:17110594 PMID:17142137 PMID:19339977 PMID:22500797 PID:200096 RGD:11535033 RGD:1625611 RGD:1625616 RGD:2307383 RGD:2308795 NCBI chr 6:71,286,989...71,412,913
Ensembl chr 6:71,286,989...71,412,888 		JBrowse link
G NPRL2 NPR2 like, GATOR1 complex subunit ISO RGD PMID:24698685 RGD:11535043 NCBI chr13:32,830,895...32,834,205
Ensembl chr13:32,830,899...32,834,183 		JBrowse link
G NPRL3 NPR3 like, GATOR1 complex subunit ISO RGD PMID:24698685 RGD:11535043 NCBI chr 3:41,478,465...41,540,719
Ensembl chr 3:41,479,193...41,540,717 		JBrowse link
G NRAS NRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase ISO PID PID:200096 NCBI chr 4:105,845,913...105,853,769
Ensembl chr 4:105,845,872...105,858,227 		JBrowse link
G PDCD4 programmed cell death 4 ISO PID PID:200096 NCBI chr14:121,271,824...121,334,767
Ensembl chr14:121,305,629...121,338,740 		JBrowse link
G PDPK1 3-phosphoinositide dependent protein kinase 1 ISO PID PID:200096 NCBI chr 3:39,429,928...39,512,623
Ensembl chr 3:39,432,058...39,512,601 		JBrowse link
G PLD1 phospholipase D1 ISO PID PID:200096 NCBI chr13:110,152,268...110,376,319
Ensembl chr13:110,154,874...110,376,294 		JBrowse link
G PLD2 phospholipase D2 ISO PID PID:200096 NCBI chr12:52,073,913...52,087,804
Ensembl chr12:52,073,914...52,087,809 		JBrowse link
G PML PML nuclear body scaffold ISO PID PID:200096 NCBI chr 7:59,405,044...59,450,155
Ensembl chr 7:59,405,053...59,450,105 		JBrowse link
G POLDIP3 DNA polymerase delta interacting protein 3 ISO PID PID:200096 NCBI chr 5:6,174,442...6,201,941
Ensembl chr 5:6,174,340...6,201,938 		JBrowse link
G PPARGC1A PPARG coactivator 1 alpha ISO PID PID:200096 NCBI chr 8:17,841,844...18,527,953
Ensembl chr 8:17,841,844...17,946,992 		JBrowse link
G PRKCA protein kinase C alpha ISO PID PID:200096 NCBI chr12:12,882,287...13,268,647
Ensembl chr12:12,882,064...13,263,554 		JBrowse link
G PRR5 proline rich 5 ISO PID
RGD		 PMID:22500797 PID:200096 RGD:11535033 NCBI chr 5:4,467,231...4,525,610
Ensembl chr 5:4,467,232...4,525,588 		JBrowse link
G PRR5L proline rich 5 like ISO RGD PMID:22500797 RGD:11535033 NCBI chr 2:24,646,865...24,812,642
Ensembl chr 2:24,646,871...24,812,610 		JBrowse link
G PXN paxillin ISO PID PID:200096 NCBI chr14:40,227,894...40,278,785
Ensembl chr14:40,227,895...40,278,734 		JBrowse link
G RAC1 Rac family small GTPase 1 ISO PID PID:200096 NCBI chr 3:4,781,776...4,803,510
Ensembl chr 3:4,781,780...4,803,543 		JBrowse link
G RAF1 Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase ISO PID PID:200096 NCBI chr13:68,581,128...68,657,911
Ensembl chr13:68,580,812...68,657,829 		JBrowse link
G RB1CC1 RB1 inducible coiled-coil 1 ISO PID PID:200096 NCBI chr 4:77,593,204...77,649,551
Ensembl chr 4:77,594,324...77,649,548 		JBrowse link
G RHEB Ras homolog, mTORC1 binding ISO PID
RGD		 PMID:16354680 PMID:16885148 PMID:19339977 PMID:26159692 PID:200096 RGD:11535034 RGD:1625606 RGD:1625616 RGD:2308795 NCBI chr18:5,779,439...5,821,839
Ensembl chr18:5,779,212...5,822,257 		JBrowse link
G RHOA ras homolog family member A ISO PID PID:200096 NCBI chr13:31,918,484...31,991,207
Ensembl chr13:31,918,834...31,986,607 		JBrowse link
G RICTOR RPTOR independent companion of MTOR complex 2 ISO PID
RGD		 PMID:16885148 PMID:17110594 PMID:19339977 PMID:22500797 PID:200096 RGD:11535033 RGD:1625616 RGD:2307383 RGD:2308795 NCBI chr16:24,109,934...24,250,019
Ensembl chr16:24,109,939...24,311,132 		JBrowse link
G RPS6KA1 ribosomal protein S6 kinase A1 ISO PID PID:200096 NCBI chr 6:83,905,124...83,947,189
Ensembl chr 6:83,905,077...83,950,963 		JBrowse link
G RPS6KB1 ribosomal protein S6 kinase B1 ISO PID
RGD		 PMID:11574531 PMID:16885148 PMID:19339977 PID:200096 RGD:1625616 RGD:1626103 RGD:2308795 NCBI chr12:36,111,584...36,159,287
Ensembl chr12:36,111,653...36,160,376 		JBrowse link
G RPS6KB2 ribosomal protein S6 kinase B2 ISO RGD PMID:11574531 PMID:16885148 PMID:19339977 RGD:1625616 RGD:1626103 RGD:2308795 NCBI chr 2:5,089,466...5,095,591
Ensembl chr 2:5,089,471...5,095,575 		JBrowse link
G RPTOR regulatory associated protein of MTOR complex 1 ISO PID
RGD		 PMID:16885148 PMID:17110594 PMID:19339977 PMID:22500797 PID:200096 RGD:11535033 RGD:1625616 RGD:2307383 RGD:2308795 NCBI chr12:1,709,121...1,991,844
Ensembl chr12:1,709,128...1,991,574 		JBrowse link
G RRAGA Ras related GTP binding A ISO PID
RGD		 PMID:19339977 PMID:24698685 PID:200096 RGD:11535043 RGD:2308795 NCBI chr 1:203,772,063...203,774,580
Ensembl chr 1:203,772,759...203,774,577 		JBrowse link
G RRAGB Ras related GTP binding B ISO PID
RGD		 PMID:19339977 PMID:24698685 PID:200096 RGD:11535043 RGD:2308795 NCBI chr  X:48,286,584...48,330,196
Ensembl chr  X:48,286,592...48,330,195 		JBrowse link
G RRAGC Ras related GTP binding C ISO RGD
PID		 PMID:19339977 PMID:24698685 PID:200096 RGD:11535043 RGD:2308795 NCBI chr 6:94,785,906...94,803,017
Ensembl chr 6:94,785,910...94,802,988 		JBrowse link
G RRAGD Ras related GTP binding D ISO PID
RGD		 PMID:19339977 PMID:24698685 PID:200096 RGD:11535043 RGD:2308795 NCBI chr 1:57,374,047...57,424,058
Ensembl chr 1:57,374,055...57,424,061 		JBrowse link
G RRN3 RRN3 homolog, RNA polymerase I transcription factor ISO PID PID:200096 NCBI chr 3:7,537,131...7,571,990
Ensembl chr 3:7,537,133...7,571,992 		JBrowse link
G SESN2 sestrin 2 ISO RGD PMID:27076075 RGD:11535042 NCBI chr 6:85,321,982...85,348,044
Ensembl chr 6:85,324,228...85,348,032 		JBrowse link
G SFN stratifin ISO PID PID:200096 NCBI chr 6:84,188,521...84,189,824
Ensembl chr 6:84,188,445...84,189,827 		JBrowse link
G SGK1 serum/glucocorticoid regulated kinase 1 ISO PID PID:200096 NCBI chr 1:29,625,786...29,753,619
Ensembl chr 1:29,745,114...29,753,602 		JBrowse link
G SLC7A5 solute carrier family 7 member 5 ISO RGD PMID:25049270 RGD:151361107 NCBI chr 6:1,545,940...1,574,298
Ensembl chr 6:1,545,944...1,574,285 		JBrowse link
G SREBF1 sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1 ISO PID PID:200096 NCBI chr12:60,733,967...60,750,951
Ensembl chr12:60,733,907...60,751,267 		JBrowse link
G SSPO SCO-spondin ISO PID PID:200096 NCBI chr18:55,783,659...55,839,167 JBrowse link
G TBC1D7 TBC1 domain family member 7 ISO RGD PMID:26159692 RGD:11535034 NCBI chr 7:9,685,273...9,708,781
Ensembl chr 7:9,685,266...9,708,781 		JBrowse link
G TELO2 telomere maintenance 2 ISO RGD PMID:22500797 RGD:11535033 NCBI chr 3:40,372,215...40,386,777
Ensembl chr 3:40,362,208...40,383,279 		JBrowse link
G TSC1 TSC complex subunit 1 ISO PID
RGD		 PMID:16885148 PMID:19339977 PMID:26159692 PID:200096 RGD:11535034 RGD:1625616 RGD:2308795 NCBI chr 1:272,636,530...272,685,948
Ensembl chr 1:272,636,532...272,685,951 		JBrowse link
G TSC2 TSC complex subunit 2 ISO PID
RGD		 PMID:12869586 PMID:16885148 PMID:19339977 PMID:26159692 PID:200096 RGD:11535034 RGD:1580520 RGD:1625616 RGD:2308795 NCBI chr 3:39,898,924...39,935,579
Ensembl chr 3:39,898,925...39,937,371 		JBrowse link
G TTI1 TELO2 interacting protein 1 ISO RGD PMID:22500797 RGD:11535033 NCBI chr17:41,047,408...41,094,038
Ensembl chr17:41,047,411...41,078,506 		JBrowse link
G ULK1 unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1 ISO PID PID:200096 NCBI chr14:23,423,693...23,448,130
Ensembl chr14:23,423,698...23,448,136 		JBrowse link
G ULK2 unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 2 ISO PID PID:200096 NCBI chr12:59,806,904...59,878,398
Ensembl chr12:59,806,955...59,878,388 		JBrowse link
G WDR24 WD repeat domain 24 ISO RGD PMID:24698685 RGD:11535043 NCBI chr 3:41,085,415...41,090,628
Ensembl chr 3:41,085,463...41,090,610 		JBrowse link
G WDR59 WD repeat domain 59 ISO RGD PMID:24698685 RGD:11535043 NCBI chr 6:12,682,166...12,769,339
Ensembl chr 6:12,682,184...12,768,728 		JBrowse link
G YWHAB tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein beta ISO PID PID:200096 NCBI chr17:47,298,020...47,317,826
Ensembl chr17:47,298,044...47,319,285 		JBrowse link
G YWHAE tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein epsilon ISO PID PID:200096 NCBI chr12:47,601,133...47,645,327
Ensembl chr12:47,600,745...47,645,301 		JBrowse link
G YWHAG tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein gamma ISO PID PID:200096 NCBI chr 3:9,994,802...10,023,296
Ensembl chr 3:9,994,836...10,023,289 		JBrowse link
G YWHAH tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein eta ISO PID PID:200096 NCBI chr14:48,544,031...48,556,496
Ensembl chr14:48,544,173...48,556,490 		JBrowse link
G YWHAQ tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein theta ISO PID PID:200096 NCBI chr 3:126,738,795...126,772,784
Ensembl chr 3:126,738,862...126,772,778 		JBrowse link
G YWHAZ tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein zeta ISO PID PID:200096 NCBI chr 4:35,975,513...36,009,909
Ensembl chr 4:35,975,508...36,009,887 		JBrowse link
G YY1 YY1 transcription factor ISO PID PID:200096 NCBI chr 7:121,132,168...121,170,699
Ensembl chr 7:121,132,191...121,170,697 		JBrowse link
Term paths to the root
Path 1
Term Annotations click to browse term
  pathway 4043
    regulatory pathway 2490
      pathway pertinent to DNA replication and repair, cell cycle, maintenance of genomic integrity, RNA and protein biosynthesis 1328
        mTOR signaling pathway 94
          altered mTOR signaling pathway 0
Path 2
Term Annotations click to browse term
  pathway 4043
    regulatory pathway 2490
      homeostasis pathway 1302
        energy homeostasis pathway 237
          mTOR signaling pathway 94
            altered mTOR signaling pathway 0
paths to the root