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ONTOLOGY REPORT - ANNOTATIONS


Term:cardiac muscle cell action potential involved in contraction
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Accession:GO:0086002 term browser browse the term
Definition:An action potential that occurs in a cardiac muscle cell and is involved in its contraction.



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cardiac muscle cell action potential involved in contraction term browser
Symbol Object Name Qualifiers Evidence Notes Source PubMed Reference(s) RGD Reference(s) Position
G Cacna1c calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 C involved_in ISO
ISS
(PMID:15454078)
GO_REF:0000024
RGD
BHF-UCL
PMID:15454078 GO_REF:0000024 NCBI chr 4:151,764,138...152,379,454
Ensembl chr 4:151,764,138...152,379,648
JBrowse link
G Cacna1d calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 D involved_in ISO
IEA
(PMID:21131953)
GO_REF:0000107
RGD
Ensembl
PMID:21131953 GO_REF:0000107 NCBI chr16:5,227,157...5,521,163
Ensembl chr16:5,228,306...5,668,215
JBrowse link
G Cacna1g calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 G involved_in ISS
ISO
GO_REF:0000024
(MGI:3714901|PMID:16690884)
BHF-UCL
RGD
PMID:16690884 GO_REF:0000024 MGI:3714901 NCBI chr10:79,354,998...79,422,960
Ensembl chr10:79,355,008...79,422,752
JBrowse link
G Cacna2d1 calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit alpha2delta 1 involved_in ISO (PMID:25527503) RGD PMID:25527503 NCBI chr 4:18,950,611...19,374,969
Ensembl chr 4:18,951,002...19,374,969
JBrowse link
G Kcnd3 potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily D member 3 acts_upstream_of_or_within ISO (MGI:6402838|PMID:32109384) RGD PMID:32109384 MGI:6402838 NCBI chr 2:192,937,950...193,155,345
Ensembl chr 2:192,937,950...193,155,345
JBrowse link
G Kcne1 potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily E regulatory subunit 1 involved_in ISO (PMID:10400998) RGD PMID:10400998 NCBI chr11:31,580,951...31,594,116
Ensembl chr11:31,580,742...31,593,901
JBrowse link
G Kcne2 potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily E regulatory subunit 2 involved_in ISO (PMID:10219239) RGD PMID:10219239 NCBI chr11:31,517,176...31,530,026
Ensembl chr11:31,295,614...31,530,043
JBrowse link
G Kcnj2 potassium inwardly-rectifying channel, subfamily J, member 2 involved_in ISO (PMID:11371347) RGD PMID:11371347 NCBI chr10:96,060,849...96,071,401
Ensembl chr10:96,060,821...96,071,445
JBrowse link
G Pkp2 plakophilin 2 involved_in ISO (PMID:22889254) RGD PMID:22889254 NCBI chr11:84,661,783...84,727,730
Ensembl chr11:84,661,783...84,727,730
JBrowse link
G Scn1a sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 1 involved_in ISO
IEA
(PMID:27207958)
GO_REF:0000107
RGD
Ensembl
PMID:27207958 GO_REF:0000107 NCBI chr 3:50,952,790...51,071,804
Ensembl chr 3:50,952,791...51,071,699
JBrowse link
G Scn1b sodium voltage-gated channel beta subunit 1 involved_in ISO
IEA
IBA
(PMID:19808477)
GO_REF:0000107
PMID:21873635
RGD
Ensembl
PMID:19808477 PMID:21873635 GO_REF:0000107, RGD:13792537 NCBI chr 1:86,353,917...86,363,836
Ensembl chr 1:86,353,917...86,363,739
JBrowse link
G Scn2b sodium voltage-gated channel beta subunit 2 involved_in ISO
IBA
(PMID:19808477)
PMID:21873635
RGD PMID:19808477 PMID:21873635 RGD:13792537 NCBI chr 8:45,425,629...45,437,765
Ensembl chr 8:45,425,629...45,437,765
JBrowse link
G Scn3b sodium voltage-gated channel beta subunit 3 involved_in ISO (PMID:21051419) RGD PMID:21051419 NCBI chr 8:40,630,372...40,652,869
Ensembl chr 8:40,630,455...40,652,868
JBrowse link
G Scn4b sodium voltage-gated channel beta subunit 4 involved_in ISO
IBA
(PMID:17592081)
PMID:21873635
RGD PMID:17592081 PMID:21873635 RGD:13792537 NCBI chr 8:45,446,580...45,462,294
Ensembl chr 8:45,446,215...45,462,292
JBrowse link
G Scn5a sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 5 involved_in
acts_upstream_of_or_within
ISO
ISS
(PMID:21895525)
(MGI:6402838|PMID:32109384)
GO_REF:0000024
RGD
BHF-UCL
PMID:21895525 PMID:32109384 GO_REF:0000024 MGI:6402838 NCBI chr 8:119,220,905...119,318,816
Ensembl chr 8:119,220,905...119,318,769
JBrowse link
atrial cardiac muscle cell action potential term browser
Symbol Object Name Qualifiers Evidence Notes Source PubMed Reference(s) RGD Reference(s) Position
G Ank2 ankyrin 2 involved_in ISO (PMID:17242276), (PMID:18832177), (PMID:21859974)
(MGI:5427070|PMID:21859974)
RGD PMID:17242276 PMID:18832177 PMID:21859974 MGI:5427070 NCBI chr 2:215,378,028...215,954,015
Ensembl chr 2:215,379,680...215,862,923
JBrowse link
G Kcna5 potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A member 5 involved_in ISO (PMID:19343045), (PMID:23264583) RGD PMID:19343045 PMID:23264583 NCBI chr 4:159,354,689...159,358,173
Ensembl chr 4:159,350,097...159,357,697
JBrowse link
G Kcne5 potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily E regulatory subunit 5 involved_in ISO (PMID:18313602) RGD PMID:18313602 NCBI chr  X:105,930,398...105,931,013
Ensembl chr  X:105,930,398...105,931,013
JBrowse link
G Kcnq1 potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily Q member 1 involved_in ISO (PMID:12522251) RGD PMID:12522251 NCBI chr 1:198,291,711...198,624,683
Ensembl chr 1:198,291,766...198,624,669
JBrowse link
G Nup155 nucleoporin 155 acts_upstream_of_or_within ISO MGI:3840086 (MGI:3839697|PMID:19070573) RGD PMID:19070573 MGI:3839697 NCBI chr 2:57,201,310...57,252,918
Ensembl chr 2:57,201,272...57,254,148
JBrowse link
G Scn3b sodium voltage-gated channel beta subunit 3 involved_in ISO (PMID:21051419) RGD PMID:21051419 NCBI chr 8:40,630,372...40,652,869
Ensembl chr 8:40,630,455...40,652,868
JBrowse link
G Scn5a sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 5 involved_in ISS
ISO
GO_REF:0000024
(PMID:18065446)
BHF-UCL
RGD
PMID:18065446 GO_REF:0000024 NCBI chr 8:119,220,905...119,318,816
Ensembl chr 8:119,220,905...119,318,769
JBrowse link
membrane depolarization during atrial cardiac muscle cell action potential term browser
Symbol Object Name Qualifiers Evidence Notes Source PubMed Reference(s) RGD Reference(s) Position
G Cacna1c calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 C involved_in ISO
ISS
(PMID:17224476)
GO_REF:0000024
RGD
BHF-UCL
PMID:17224476 GO_REF:0000024 NCBI chr 4:151,764,138...152,379,454
Ensembl chr 4:151,764,138...152,379,648
JBrowse link
G Cacnb2 calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit beta 2 involved_in ISS
ISO
GO_REF:0000024
(PMID:17224476)
BHF-UCL
RGD
PMID:17224476 GO_REF:0000024 NCBI chr17:77,564,630...77,910,000
Ensembl chr17:77,564,460...77,909,106
JBrowse link
G Scn5a sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 5 involved_in ISO
IEA
(PMID:18065446)
GO_REF:0000107
RGD
Ensembl
PMID:18065446 GO_REF:0000107 NCBI chr 8:119,220,905...119,318,816
Ensembl chr 8:119,220,905...119,318,769
JBrowse link
membrane repolarization during atrial cardiac muscle cell action potential term browser
Symbol Object Name Qualifiers Evidence Notes Source PubMed Reference(s) RGD Reference(s) Position
G Kcna5 potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A member 5 involved_in ISO (PMID:19343045), (PMID:23264583) RGD PMID:19343045 PMID:23264583 NCBI chr 4:159,354,689...159,358,173
Ensembl chr 4:159,350,097...159,357,697
JBrowse link
G Kcnj5 potassium inwardly-rectifying channel, subfamily J, member 5 involved_in ISO (PMID:20560207) RGD PMID:20560207 NCBI chr 8:30,724,923...30,753,083
Ensembl chr 8:30,724,925...30,753,518
JBrowse link
G Kcnn2 potassium calcium-activated channel subfamily N member 2 involved_in ISO (MGI:5292192|PMID:19139040) RGD PMID:19139040 MGI:5292192 NCBI chr18:37,817,966...38,258,347
Ensembl chr18:37,817,957...38,258,347
JBrowse link
G Kcnq1 potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily Q member 1 involved_in ISO
IEA
(PMID:12522251), (PMID:25786344)
GO_REF:0000107
RGD
Ensembl
PMID:12522251 PMID:25786344 GO_REF:0000107 NCBI chr 1:198,291,711...198,624,683
Ensembl chr 1:198,291,766...198,624,669
JBrowse link
membrane repolarization during ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential term browser
Symbol Object Name Qualifiers Evidence Notes Source PubMed Reference(s) RGD Reference(s) Position
G Kcnd3 potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily D member 3 involved_in IEA GO_REF:0000108 GOC GO_REF:0000108 NCBI chr 2:192,937,950...193,155,345
Ensembl chr 2:192,937,950...193,155,345
JBrowse link
G Kcne1 potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily E regulatory subunit 1 involved_in ISO (PMID:9354802) RGD PMID:9354802 NCBI chr11:31,580,951...31,594,116
Ensembl chr11:31,580,742...31,593,901
JBrowse link
G Kcne2 potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily E regulatory subunit 2 involved_in ISO (PMID:10219239) RGD PMID:10219239 NCBI chr11:31,517,176...31,530,026
Ensembl chr11:31,295,614...31,530,043
JBrowse link
G Kcne3 potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily E regulatory subunit 3 involved_in IEA GO_REF:0000108 GOC GO_REF:0000108 NCBI chr 1:154,523,903...154,530,865
Ensembl chr 1:154,523,830...154,532,020
JBrowse link
G Kcne4 potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily E regulatory subunit 4 involved_in IEA GO_REF:0000108 GOC GO_REF:0000108 NCBI chr 9:80,243,429...80,251,533
Ensembl chr 9:80,247,379...80,250,979
JBrowse link
G Kcne5 potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily E regulatory subunit 5 involved_in IEA GO_REF:0000108 GOC GO_REF:0000108 NCBI chr  X:105,930,398...105,931,013
Ensembl chr  X:105,930,398...105,931,013
JBrowse link
G Kcnh2 potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2 involved_in ISO (PMID:21536673) RGD PMID:21536673 NCBI chr 4:10,826,834...10,859,009
Ensembl chr 4:10,826,928...10,859,008
JBrowse link
G Kcnj8 potassium inwardly-rectifying channel, subfamily J, member 8 involved_in ISO (PMID:20558321) RGD PMID:20558321 NCBI chr 4:175,508,908...175,515,829
Ensembl chr 4:175,508,912...175,515,603
JBrowse link
G Kcnq1 potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily Q member 1 involved_in ISO
IBA
IEA
(PMID:8528244)
PMID:21873635
GO_REF:0000107
RGD
Ensembl
PMID:8528244 PMID:21873635 GO_REF:0000107, RGD:13792537 NCBI chr 1:198,291,711...198,624,683
Ensembl chr 1:198,291,766...198,624,669
JBrowse link
G Scn2b sodium voltage-gated channel beta subunit 2 involved_in IEA GO_REF:0000108 GOC GO_REF:0000108 NCBI chr 8:45,425,629...45,437,765
Ensembl chr 8:45,425,629...45,437,765
JBrowse link
negative regulation of membrane repolarization during ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential term browser
Symbol Object Name Qualifiers Evidence Notes Source PubMed Reference(s) RGD Reference(s) Position
G Kcne3 potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily E regulatory subunit 3 involved_in ISO (PMID:22987075) RGD PMID:22987075 NCBI chr 1:154,523,903...154,530,865
Ensembl chr 1:154,523,830...154,532,020
JBrowse link
negative regulation of ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential term browser
Symbol Object Name Qualifiers Evidence Notes Source PubMed Reference(s) RGD Reference(s) Position
G Bin1 bridging integrator 1 involved_in IEA
ISO
GO_REF:0000107
(MGI:5583915|PMID:24836577)
Ensembl
RGD
PMID:24836577 GO_REF:0000107 MGI:5583915 NCBI chr18:24,009,731...24,067,267
Ensembl chr18:24,009,653...24,067,263
JBrowse link
positive regulation of atrial cardiac muscle cell action potential term browser
Symbol Object Name Qualifiers Evidence Notes Source PubMed Reference(s) RGD Reference(s) Position
G Trpm4 transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 4 IMP RGD PMID:23954346 RGD:10003031 NCBI chr 1:95,781,805...95,812,095
Ensembl chr 1:95,782,000...95,812,532
JBrowse link
positive regulation of voltage-gated potassium channel activity involved in ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential repolarization term browser
Symbol Object Name Qualifiers Evidence Notes Source PubMed Reference(s) RGD Reference(s) Position
G Rnf207 ring finger protein 207 involved_in ISO
IBA
(PMID:25281747)
PMID:21873635
RGD PMID:25281747 PMID:21873635 RGD:13792537 NCBI chr 5:162,815,351...162,828,325
Ensembl chr 5:162,815,357...162,828,375
JBrowse link
regulation of atrial cardiac muscle cell action potential term browser
Symbol Object Name Qualifiers Evidence Notes Source PubMed Reference(s) RGD Reference(s) Position
G Ank2 ankyrin 2 involved_in ISO (PMID:12571597)
(MGI:2449848|PMID:12571597)
RGD PMID:12571597 MGI:2449848 NCBI chr 2:215,378,028...215,954,015
Ensembl chr 2:215,379,680...215,862,923
JBrowse link
G Gja5 gap junction protein, alpha 5 involved_in ISO (PMID:23348765) RGD PMID:23348765 NCBI chr 2:184,602,407...184,621,952
Ensembl chr 2:184,564,475...184,621,952
JBrowse link
G Ryr2 ryanodine receptor 2 involved_in ISO
IEA
(PMID:17875969)
GO_REF:0000107
RGD
Ensembl
PMID:17875969 GO_REF:0000107 NCBI chr17:58,389,925...58,975,641
Ensembl chr17:58,389,925...58,975,142
JBrowse link
regulation of ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential term browser
Symbol Object Name Qualifiers Evidence Notes Source PubMed Reference(s) RGD Reference(s) Position
G Cacna1c calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 C involved_in ISS
ISO
GO_REF:0000024
(PMID:15454078), (PMID:26253506)
BHF-UCL
RGD
PMID:15454078 PMID:26253506 GO_REF:0000024 NCBI chr 4:151,764,138...152,379,454
Ensembl chr 4:151,764,138...152,379,648
JBrowse link
G Cav1 caveolin 1 involved_in ISO (MGI:5607357|PMID:25017399) RGD PMID:25017399 MGI:5607357 NCBI chr 4:45,640,624...45,673,708
Ensembl chr 4:45,634,918...45,673,705
JBrowse link
G Ctnna3 catenin alpha 3 involved_in ISO (PMID:23136403) RGD PMID:23136403 NCBI chr20:23,614,469...25,200,026
Ensembl chr20:23,623,560...25,199,978
JBrowse link
G Dlg1 discs large MAGUK scaffold protein 1 involved_in IEA
ISO
GO_REF:0000107
(MGI:5816439|PMID:25447080)
Ensembl
RGD
PMID:25447080 GO_REF:0000107 MGI:5816439 NCBI chr11:68,911,883...69,103,230
Ensembl chr11:68,911,883...69,102,689
JBrowse link
G Dsc2 desmocollin 2 involved_in ISO (PMID:23863954) RGD PMID:23863954 NCBI chr18:11,450,392...11,482,476
Ensembl chr18:11,450,390...11,482,392
JBrowse link
G Dsg2 desmoglein 2 involved_in ISO (PMID:16505173), (PMID:23381804) RGD PMID:16505173 PMID:23381804 NCBI chr18:11,846,207...11,904,630
Ensembl chr18:11,846,183...11,904,156
JBrowse link
G Dsp desmoplakin involved_in ISO (PMID:12373648) RGD PMID:12373648 NCBI chr17:26,623,602...26,671,692
Ensembl chr17:26,623,588...26,671,800
JBrowse link
G Jup junction plakoglobin involved_in ISO (PMID:17924338) RGD PMID:17924338 NCBI chr10:85,300,438...85,327,378
Ensembl chr10:85,300,440...85,327,057
JBrowse link
G Pkp2 plakophilin 2 involved_in ISO (PMID:22889254) RGD PMID:22889254 NCBI chr11:84,661,783...84,727,730
Ensembl chr11:84,661,783...84,727,730
JBrowse link
G Ryr2 ryanodine receptor 2 involved_in ISO
IEA
(PMID:17875969)
GO_REF:0000107
RGD
Ensembl
PMID:17875969 GO_REF:0000107 NCBI chr17:58,389,925...58,975,641
Ensembl chr17:58,389,925...58,975,142
JBrowse link
G Trpm4 transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 4 involved_in ISO (PMID:27207958) RGD PMID:27207958 NCBI chr 1:95,781,805...95,812,095
Ensembl chr 1:95,782,000...95,812,532
JBrowse link
ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential term browser
Symbol Object Name Qualifiers Evidence Notes Source PubMed Reference(s) RGD Reference(s) Position
G Ank2 ankyrin 2 involved_in ISO (PMID:17242276) RGD PMID:17242276 NCBI chr 2:215,378,028...215,954,015
Ensembl chr 2:215,379,680...215,862,923
JBrowse link
G Cav3 caveolin 3 involved_in IMP PMID:22879586 BHF-UCL PMID:22879586 RGD:8553349 NCBI chr 4:145,582,168...145,598,142
Ensembl chr 4:145,582,060...145,598,137
JBrowse link
G Gja5 gap junction protein, alpha 5 acts_upstream_of_or_within ISO MGI:2445238 (MGI:1197846|PMID:9501070) RGD PMID:9501070 MGI:1197846 NCBI chr 2:184,602,407...184,621,952
Ensembl chr 2:184,564,475...184,621,952
JBrowse link
G Gpd1l1 glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1 like 1 involved_in ISO (PMID:17967977), (PMID:19666841) RGD PMID:17967977 PMID:19666841 NCBI chr 8:114,591,103...114,620,771
Ensembl chr 8:114,588,487...114,620,723
JBrowse link
G Kcne1 potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily E regulatory subunit 1 involved_in ISO
IBA
(PMID:9354802)
PMID:21873635
RGD PMID:9354802 PMID:21873635 RGD:13792537 NCBI chr11:31,580,951...31,594,116
Ensembl chr11:31,580,742...31,593,901
JBrowse link
G Kcne2 potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily E regulatory subunit 2 involved_in
acts_upstream_of_or_within
ISO
IBA
(PMID:10219239)
MGI:3699589 (MGI:3813163|PMID:18603586)
PMID:21873635
RGD PMID:10219239 PMID:18603586 PMID:21873635 MGI:3813163, RGD:13792537 NCBI chr11:31,517,176...31,530,026
Ensembl chr11:31,295,614...31,530,043
JBrowse link
G Kcne3 potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily E regulatory subunit 3 involved_in IBA PMID:21873635 GO_Central PMID:21873635 RGD:13792537 NCBI chr 1:154,523,903...154,530,865
Ensembl chr 1:154,523,830...154,532,020
JBrowse link
G Kcne4 potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily E regulatory subunit 4 involved_in IBA PMID:21873635 GO_Central PMID:21873635 RGD:13792537 NCBI chr 9:80,243,429...80,251,533
Ensembl chr 9:80,247,379...80,250,979
JBrowse link
G Kcne5 potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily E regulatory subunit 5 involved_in ISO
IBA
(PMID:21493962)
PMID:21873635
RGD PMID:21493962 PMID:21873635 RGD:13792537 NCBI chr  X:105,930,398...105,931,013
Ensembl chr  X:105,930,398...105,931,013
JBrowse link
G Kcnh2 potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2 involved_in ISO (PMID:21536673) RGD PMID:21536673 NCBI chr 4:10,826,834...10,859,009
Ensembl chr 4:10,826,928...10,859,008
JBrowse link
G Kcnq1 potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily Q member 1 involved_in ISO (PMID:8528244) RGD PMID:8528244 NCBI chr 1:198,291,711...198,624,683
Ensembl chr 1:198,291,766...198,624,669
JBrowse link
G Nedd4l NEDD4 like E3 ubiquitin protein ligase involved_in IMP PMID:22879586 BHF-UCL PMID:22879586 RGD:8553349 NCBI chr18:58,393,759...58,726,709
Ensembl chr18:58,393,509...58,723,137
JBrowse link
G Pkp2 plakophilin 2 involved_in ISO (PMID:22889254) RGD PMID:22889254 NCBI chr11:84,661,783...84,727,730
Ensembl chr11:84,661,783...84,727,730
JBrowse link
G Ryr2 ryanodine receptor 2 involved_in IEA
ISO
GO_REF:0000107
(MGI:3820489|PMID:17872467)
Ensembl
RGD
PMID:17872467 GO_REF:0000107 MGI:3820489 NCBI chr17:58,389,925...58,975,641
Ensembl chr17:58,389,925...58,975,142
JBrowse link
G Scn3b sodium voltage-gated channel beta subunit 3 involved_in
acts_upstream_of_or_within
IBA
ISO
PMID:21873635
MGI:5294639 (MGI:5294649|PMID:19351516)
(PMID:20042427)
RGD PMID:19351516 PMID:20042427 PMID:21873635 MGI:5294649, RGD:13792537 NCBI chr 8:40,630,372...40,652,869
Ensembl chr 8:40,630,455...40,652,868
JBrowse link
G Scn5a sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 5 involved_in ISO
IEA
(PMID:22529811)
GO_REF:0000107
RGD
Ensembl
PMID:22529811 GO_REF:0000107 NCBI chr 8:119,220,905...119,318,816
Ensembl chr 8:119,220,905...119,318,769
JBrowse link
G Snta1 syntrophin, alpha 1 involved_in ISO (PMID:18591664) RGD PMID:18591664 NCBI chr 3:142,876,285...142,906,737
Ensembl chr 3:142,876,296...142,906,709
JBrowse link

Term paths to the root
Path 1
Term Annotations click to browse term
  biological_process 19748
    biological regulation 13456
      regulation of biological quality 3339
        regulation of membrane potential 520
          action potential 162
            cardiac muscle cell action potential 66
              cardiac muscle cell action potential involved in contraction 43
                atrial cardiac muscle cell action potential + 14
                ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential + 31
Path 2
Term Annotations click to browse term
  biological_process 19748
    multicellular organismal process 9185
      system process 3517
        circulatory system process 601
          heart process 268
            heart contraction 254
              cardiac muscle contraction 146
                cardiac muscle cell contraction 73
                  cardiac muscle cell action potential involved in contraction 43
                    atrial cardiac muscle cell action potential + 14
                    ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential + 31
paths to the root