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ONTOLOGY REPORT - ANNOTATIONS

Term:isotype switching
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Accession:GO:0045190 term browser browse the term
Definition:The switching of activated B cells from IgM biosynthesis to biosynthesis of other isotypes of immunoglobulin, accomplished through a recombination process involving an intrachromosomal deletion involving switch regions that reside 5' of each constant region gene segment in the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus.
Comment:Note that IgM and IgD can be coexpressed by B cells via an alternate splicing mechanism, but true recombinational isotype switching to IgD has been demonstrated as well. Note that this term is best used to annotate gene products which are involved in the mechanism of DNA recombination used in isotype switching, like the B cell specific Swap70 factor in the mouse, rather than gene products which promote isotype switching such as cytokines or co-stimulatory molecules, which should instead be annotated to 'regulation of isotype switching ; GO:0045191'.
Synonyms:exact_synonym: class switch recombination;   class switching;   isotype switch recombination
 xref: Wikipedia:Immunoglobulin_class_switching


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isotype switching term browser
Symbol Object Name Qualifiers Evidence Notes Source PubMed Reference(s) RGD Reference(s) Position
G AICDA activation induced cytidine deaminase involved_in
acts_upstream_of_or_within		 IEA
ISO		 (PMID:17713479) Ensembl
MGI		 PMID:17713479 GO_REF:0000107 NCBI chr27:37,064,107...37,073,791
Ensembl chr27:37,064,080...37,073,789 		JBrowse link
G ATAD5 ATPase family AAA domain containing 5 involved_in
acts_upstream_of		 IEA
ISO		 (PMID:25404367) Ensembl
MGI		 PMID:25404367 GO_REF:0000107 NCBI chr 9:40,869,778...40,917,976
Ensembl chr 9:40,870,924...40,915,629 		JBrowse link
G BATF basic leucine zipper ATF-like transcription factor involved_in IEA Ensembl GO_REF:0000107 NCBI chr 8:48,537,036...48,561,154 JBrowse link
G CD40LG CD40 ligand involved_in IEA Ensembl GO_REF:0000107 NCBI chr  X:107,001,421...107,023,007
Ensembl chr  X:107,010,890...107,023,006 		JBrowse link
G ERCC1 ERCC excision repair 1, endonuclease non-catalytic subunit involved_in
acts_upstream_of_or_within		 IEA
ISO		 (PMID:15280420) Ensembl
MGI		 PMID:15280420 GO_REF:0000107 NCBI chr 1:110,130,353...110,146,660
Ensembl chr 1:110,130,481...110,146,602 		JBrowse link
G EXO1 exonuclease 1 involved_in
acts_upstream_of_or_within		 IEA
ISO		 (PMID:14716311) Ensembl
MGI		 PMID:14716311 GO_REF:0000107 NCBI chr 7:33,237,124...33,268,835
Ensembl chr 7:33,237,593...33,268,254 		JBrowse link
G EXOSC3 exosome component 3 involved_in IEA Ensembl GO_REF:0000107 NCBI chr11:54,072,993...54,079,024
Ensembl chr11:54,073,313...54,078,598 		JBrowse link
G EXOSC6 exosome component 6 involved_in IEA Ensembl GO_REF:0000107 NCBI chr 5:76,286,286...76,287,667
Ensembl chr 5:76,286,789...76,287,976 		JBrowse link
G LIG4 DNA ligase 4 involved_in
acts_upstream_of_or_within		 IEA
ISO		 (PMID:17713479) Ensembl
MGI		 PMID:17713479 GO_REF:0000107 NCBI chr22:56,980,333...56,987,636
Ensembl chr22:56,980,622...56,983,357 		JBrowse link
G MLH1 mutL homolog 1 involved_in
acts_upstream_of_or_within		 IEA
ISO		 (PMID:12743174) Ensembl
MGI		 PMID:12743174 GO_REF:0000107 NCBI chr23:6,889,108...6,938,117
Ensembl chr23:6,889,135...6,938,116 		JBrowse link
G MSH2 mutS homolog 2 involved_in
acts_upstream_of_or_within		 IEA
ISO		 (PMID:10430621)
(PMID:12743174)		 Ensembl
MGI		 PMID:10430621 PMID:12743174 GO_REF:0000107 NCBI chr10:49,517,448...49,594,001
Ensembl chr10:49,517,369...49,594,210 		JBrowse link
G MSH6 mutS homolog 6 involved_in
acts_upstream_of_or_within		 IEA
ISO		 (PMID:16618598)
(PMID:17015724)		 Ensembl
MGI		 PMID:16618598 PMID:17015724 GO_REF:0000107 NCBI chr10:49,825,330...49,838,036
Ensembl chr10:49,803,898...49,838,028 		JBrowse link
G NBN nibrin involved_in IEA Ensembl GO_REF:0000107 NCBI chr29:35,416,093...35,477,569
Ensembl chr29:35,416,093...35,477,563 		JBrowse link
G NFKBIZ NFKB inhibitor zeta involved_in IEA Ensembl GO_REF:0000107 NCBI chr33:8,147,160...8,154,401
Ensembl chr33:8,073,840...8,154,561 		JBrowse link
G RNF168 ring finger protein 168 involved_in ISO (MGI:4420833|PMID:20080757) UniProt PMID:20080757 MGI:4420833 NCBI chr33:29,542,209...29,575,127
Ensembl chr33:29,539,182...29,628,248 		JBrowse link
G RNF8 ring finger protein 8 involved_in ISO (MGI:4420833|PMID:20080757) UniProt PMID:20080757 MGI:4420833 NCBI chr12:6,380,365...6,415,407
Ensembl chr12:6,292,459...6,415,382 		JBrowse link
G SANBR SANT and BTB domain regulator of CSR involved_in IEA Ensembl GO_REF:0000107 NCBI chr10:61,143,971...61,195,058
Ensembl chr10:61,123,655...61,193,241 		JBrowse link
G SWAP70 switching B cell complex subunit SWAP70 involved_in
acts_upstream_of_or_within		 IEA
ISO		 (PMID:9642267) Ensembl
MGI		 PMID:9642267 GO_REF:0000107 NCBI chr21:32,910,547...32,985,617
Ensembl chr21:32,910,563...32,984,580 		JBrowse link
G UNG uracil DNA glycosylase acts_upstream_of_or_within ISO (PMID:17015724) MGI PMID:17015724 NCBI chr26:17,900,354...17,911,126
Ensembl chr26:17,901,357...17,911,288 		JBrowse link
G XRCC4 X-ray repair cross complementing 4 acts_upstream_of_or_within ISO (PMID:17713479) MGI PMID:17713479 NCBI chr 3:24,316,598...24,547,463
Ensembl chr 3:24,269,974...24,533,465 		JBrowse link
isotype switching to IgA isotypes term browser
Symbol Object Name Qualifiers Evidence Notes Source PubMed Reference(s) RGD Reference(s) Position
G CCR6 C-C motif chemokine receptor 6 involved_in ISO (MGI:5787846|PMID:27174992) UniProt PMID:27174992 MGI:5787846 NCBI chr 1:54,932,798...54,960,646
Ensembl chr 1:54,932,690...54,959,740 		JBrowse link
isotype switching to IgE isotypes term browser
Symbol Object Name Qualifiers Evidence Notes Source PubMed Reference(s) RGD Reference(s) Position
G BCL6 BCL6 transcription repressor involved_in
acts_upstream_of		 IEA
ISO		 (PMID:10490661) Ensembl
MGI		 PMID:10490661 GO_REF:0000107 NCBI chr34:20,112,302...20,135,705
Ensembl chr34:20,113,322...20,124,704 		JBrowse link
G FOXP3 forkhead box P3 involved_in
acts_upstream_of		 IEA
ISO		 (PMID:16275384) Ensembl
MGI		 PMID:16275384 GO_REF:0000107 NCBI chr  X:42,331,229...42,362,841
Ensembl chr  X:42,344,108...42,350,758 		JBrowse link
G IL4 interleukin 4 acts_upstream_of ISO (PMID:14988498) MGI PMID:14988498 NCBI chr11:20,972,693...20,981,539
Ensembl chr11:20,972,690...20,981,534 		JBrowse link
G RTP2 receptor transporter protein 2 involved_in IEA Ensembl GO_REF:0000107 NCBI chr34:20,087,395...20,091,248
Ensembl chr34:20,087,226...20,115,428 		JBrowse link
G STAT6 signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 involved_in
acts_upstream_of		 IEA
ISO		 (PMID:10490661) Ensembl
MGI		 PMID:10490661 GO_REF:0000107 NCBI chr10:1,232,515...1,247,011
Ensembl chr10:1,233,691...1,247,075 		JBrowse link
isotype switching to IgG isotypes term browser
Symbol Object Name Qualifiers Evidence Notes Source PubMed Reference(s) RGD Reference(s) Position
G HSPD1 heat shock protein family D (Hsp60) member 1 involved_in ISO (PMID:16148103) BHF-UCL PMID:16148103 NCBI chr37:7,010,421...7,025,912 JBrowse link
G IL4 interleukin 4 acts_upstream_of ISO (PMID:14988498) MGI PMID:14988498 NCBI chr11:20,972,693...20,981,539
Ensembl chr11:20,972,690...20,981,534 		JBrowse link
negative regulation of isotype switching term browser
Symbol Object Name Qualifiers Evidence Notes Source PubMed Reference(s) RGD Reference(s) Position
G PARP3 poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase family member 3 involved_in IEA Ensembl GO_REF:0000107 NCBI chr20:37,767,336...37,774,269
Ensembl chr20:37,767,505...37,773,770 		JBrowse link
negative regulation of isotype switching to IgE isotypes term browser
Symbol Object Name Qualifiers Evidence Notes Source PubMed Reference(s) RGD Reference(s) Position
G BCL6 BCL6 transcription repressor involved_in
acts_upstream_of_or_within		 IEA
ISO		 (PMID:10490661) Ensembl
MGI		 PMID:10490661 GO_REF:0000107 NCBI chr34:20,112,302...20,135,705
Ensembl chr34:20,113,322...20,124,704 		JBrowse link
G FOXP3 forkhead box P3 involved_in
acts_upstream_of_or_within		 IEA
ISO		 (PMID:16275384) Ensembl
MGI		 PMID:16275384 GO_REF:0000107 NCBI chr  X:42,331,229...42,362,841
Ensembl chr  X:42,344,108...42,350,758 		JBrowse link
G NDFIP1 Nedd4 family interacting protein 1 involved_in
acts_upstream_of_or_within		 IEA
ISO		 (PMID:17137798) Ensembl
MGI		 PMID:17137798 GO_REF:0000107 NCBI chr 2:36,978,148...37,065,247
Ensembl chr 2:36,961,024...37,064,303 		JBrowse link
G RTP2 receptor transporter protein 2 involved_in IEA Ensembl GO_REF:0000107 NCBI chr34:20,087,395...20,091,248
Ensembl chr34:20,087,226...20,115,428 		JBrowse link
positive regulation of interleukin-4-dependent isotype switching to IgE isotypes term browser
Symbol Object Name Qualifiers Evidence Notes Source PubMed Reference(s) RGD Reference(s) Position
G TNFSF4 TNF superfamily member 4 involved_in ISO (MGI:3763508|PMID:12496423) BHF-UCL PMID:12496423 MGI:3763508 NCBI chr 7:25,883,297...25,909,608
Ensembl chr 7:25,883,251...25,906,892 		JBrowse link
positive regulation of isotype switching term browser
Symbol Object Name Qualifiers Evidence Notes Source PubMed Reference(s) RGD Reference(s) Position
G EXOSC3 exosome component 3 involved_in
acts_upstream_of_or_within		 IEA
ISO		 (PMID:21255825) Ensembl
MGI		 PMID:21255825 GO_REF:0000107 NCBI chr11:54,072,993...54,079,024
Ensembl chr11:54,073,313...54,078,598 		JBrowse link
G EXOSC6 exosome component 6 involved_in
acts_upstream_of_or_within		 IEA
ISO		 (PMID:21255825) Ensembl
MGI		 PMID:21255825 GO_REF:0000107 NCBI chr 5:76,286,286...76,287,667
Ensembl chr 5:76,286,789...76,287,976 		JBrowse link
G HMCES 5-hydroxymethylcytosine binding, ES cell specific involved_in IEA Ensembl GO_REF:0000107 NCBI chr20:2,808,687...2,831,123
Ensembl chr20:2,808,689...2,830,462 		JBrowse link
G KMT5B lysine methyltransferase 5B involved_in IEA Ensembl GO_REF:0000107 NCBI chr18:49,655,783...49,691,899
Ensembl chr18:49,637,610...49,827,034 		JBrowse link
G KMT5C lysine methyltransferase 5C involved_in IEA Ensembl GO_REF:0000107 NCBI chr 1:102,334,687...102,342,090
Ensembl chr 1:102,333,543...102,342,118 		JBrowse link
G MAD2L2 mitotic arrest deficient 2 like 2 involved_in IEA Ensembl GO_REF:0000107 NCBI chr 2:84,539,724...84,549,402
Ensembl chr 2:84,545,226...84,549,356 		JBrowse link
G PAXIP1 PAX interacting protein 1 involved_in IEA Ensembl GO_REF:0000107 NCBI chr16:18,066,289...18,116,007
Ensembl chr16:18,066,246...18,112,506 		JBrowse link
G RIF1 replication timing regulatory factor 1 involved_in IEA Ensembl GO_REF:0000107 NCBI chr19:52,661,278...52,711,969
Ensembl chr19:52,661,155...52,709,279 		JBrowse link
G SHLD1 shieldin complex subunit 1 involved_in IEA Ensembl
TreeGrafter		 GO_REF:0000107 GO_REF:0000118 NCBI chr24:15,957,863...16,037,336
Ensembl chr24:15,957,852...16,038,008 		JBrowse link
G SHLD2 shieldin complex subunit 2 involved_in ISO (PMID:29656893) UniProt PMID:29656893 NCBI chr 4:34,665,111...34,740,645
Ensembl chr 4:34,688,245...34,763,705 		JBrowse link
G SHLD3 shieldin complex subunit 3 involved_in IEA TreeGrafter GO_REF:0000118
G TFRC transferrin receptor involved_in IEA
ISS		 Ensembl
UniProt		 GO_REF:0000024 GO_REF:0000107 NCBI chr33:29,206,024...29,237,221
Ensembl chr33:29,208,609...29,238,242 		JBrowse link
G TP53BP1 tumor protein p53 binding protein 1 involved_in IEA Ensembl GO_REF:0000107 NCBI chr30:10,263,650...10,362,646
Ensembl chr30:10,263,650...10,336,134 		JBrowse link
positive regulation of isotype switching to IgA isotypes term browser
Symbol Object Name Qualifiers Evidence Notes Source PubMed Reference(s) RGD Reference(s) Position
G B9D2 B9 domain containing 2 acts_upstream_of_or_within ISO (PMID:14988498) MGI PMID:14988498 NCBI chr 1:112,621,832...112,627,726
Ensembl chr 1:112,621,633...112,643,885 		JBrowse link
G MLH1 mutL homolog 1 involved_in IEA Ensembl GO_REF:0000107 NCBI chr23:6,889,108...6,938,117
Ensembl chr23:6,889,135...6,938,116 		JBrowse link
G MSH2 mutS homolog 2 involved_in IEA Ensembl GO_REF:0000107 NCBI chr10:49,517,448...49,594,001
Ensembl chr10:49,517,369...49,594,210 		JBrowse link
G NSD2 nuclear receptor binding SET domain protein 2 involved_in
acts_upstream_of_or_within		 IEA
ISO		 (PMID:23241889) Ensembl
MGI		 PMID:23241889 GO_REF:0000107 NCBI chr 3:62,164,888...62,228,006
Ensembl chr 3:62,167,939...62,228,035 		JBrowse link
G PMS2 PMS1 homolog 2, mismatch repair system component involved_in IEA Ensembl GO_REF:0000107 NCBI chr 6:11,411,062...11,438,767
Ensembl chr 6:11,349,453...11,438,940 		JBrowse link
G TGFB1 transforming growth factor beta 1 involved_in ISS
IEA		 AgBase
Ensembl		 GO_REF:0000024 GO_REF:0000107 NCBI chr 1:112,629,476...112,643,885
Ensembl chr 1:112,621,633...112,643,885 		JBrowse link
G TNFSF12 tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily, member 12 involved_in IEA TreeGrafter GO_REF:0000118 NCBI chr 5:32,473,543...32,481,596
Ensembl chr 5:32,473,083...32,481,121 		JBrowse link
G TNFSF13 TNF superfamily member 13 acts_upstream_of_or_within
involved_in		 ISO
IEA		 (PMID:14988498) MGI
TreeGrafter
Ensembl		 PMID:14988498 GO_REF:0000107 GO_REF:0000118 NCBI chr 5:32,482,723...32,484,790
Ensembl chr 5:32,482,723...32,484,789 		JBrowse link
positive regulation of isotype switching to IgE isotypes term browser
Symbol Object Name Qualifiers Evidence Notes Source PubMed Reference(s) RGD Reference(s) Position
G CLCF1 cardiotrophin like cytokine factor 1 involved_in ISO (MGI:3777853|PMID:12023368) BHF-UCL PMID:12023368 MGI:3777853 NCBI chr18:50,084,120...50,093,825
Ensembl chr18:50,083,915...50,102,651 		JBrowse link
G IL4 interleukin 4 involved_in
acts_upstream_of_or_within		 ISS
ISO		 (PMID:14988498) UniProt
MGI		 PMID:14988498 GO_REF:0000024 NCBI chr11:20,972,693...20,981,539
Ensembl chr11:20,972,690...20,981,534 		JBrowse link
G STAT6 signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 involved_in
acts_upstream_of_or_within		 IEA
ISO		 (PMID:10490661) Ensembl
MGI		 PMID:10490661 GO_REF:0000107 NCBI chr10:1,232,515...1,247,011
Ensembl chr10:1,233,691...1,247,075 		JBrowse link
positive regulation of isotype switching to IgG isotypes term browser
Symbol Object Name Qualifiers Evidence Notes Source PubMed Reference(s) RGD Reference(s) Position
G ATAD5 ATPase family AAA domain containing 5 involved_in
acts_upstream_of_or_within		 IEA
ISO		 (PMID:25404367) Ensembl
MGI		 PMID:25404367 GO_REF:0000107 NCBI chr 9:40,869,778...40,917,976
Ensembl chr 9:40,870,924...40,915,629 		JBrowse link
G CD28 CD28 molecule involved_in
acts_upstream_of_or_within		 IEA
ISO		 (PMID:7688139) Ensembl
MGI		 PMID:7688139 GO_REF:0000107 NCBI chr37:12,503,849...12,536,362
Ensembl chr37:12,503,811...12,532,854 		JBrowse link
G CD40 CD40 molecule involved_in
acts_upstream_of_or_within		 IEA
ISO		 (PMID:12882831) TreeGrafter
MGI		 PMID:12882831 GO_REF:0000118 NCBI chr24:33,352,992...33,383,488
Ensembl chr24:33,372,930...33,383,301 		JBrowse link
G IFNG interferon gamma acts_upstream_of_or_within ISO (PMID:12882831) MGI PMID:12882831 NCBI chr10:10,406,866...10,411,698
Ensembl chr10:10,406,867...10,411,698 		JBrowse link
G IL2 interleukin 2 acts_upstream_of_or_within ISO (PMID:1830926) MGI PMID:1830926 NCBI chr19:17,750,780...17,756,394
Ensembl chr19:17,750,780...17,756,394 		JBrowse link
G IL4 interleukin 4 involved_in
acts_upstream_of_or_within		 ISS
ISO		 (PMID:12882831), (PMID:14988498) UniProt
MGI		 PMID:12882831 PMID:14988498 GO_REF:0000024 NCBI chr11:20,972,693...20,981,539
Ensembl chr11:20,972,690...20,981,534 		JBrowse link
G MLH1 mutL homolog 1 involved_in IEA Ensembl GO_REF:0000107 NCBI chr23:6,889,108...6,938,117
Ensembl chr23:6,889,135...6,938,116 		JBrowse link
G MSH2 mutS homolog 2 involved_in IEA Ensembl GO_REF:0000107 NCBI chr10:49,517,448...49,594,001
Ensembl chr10:49,517,369...49,594,210 		JBrowse link
G PAGR1 PAXIP1 associated glutamate rich protein 1 involved_in ISO (MGI:5752090|PMID:26744420) UniProt PMID:26744420 MGI:5752090 NCBI chr 6:17,876,740...17,879,546 JBrowse link
G PAXIP1 PAX interacting protein 1 involved_in IEA Ensembl GO_REF:0000107 NCBI chr16:18,066,289...18,116,007
Ensembl chr16:18,066,246...18,112,506 		JBrowse link
G PMS2 PMS1 homolog 2, mismatch repair system component involved_in IEA Ensembl GO_REF:0000107 NCBI chr 6:11,411,062...11,438,767
Ensembl chr 6:11,349,453...11,438,940 		JBrowse link
G PTPRC protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type C involved_in
acts_upstream_of_or_within		 IEA
ISO		 (PMID:9015183) Ensembl
MGI		 PMID:9015183 GO_REF:0000107 NCBI chr 7:4,155,876...4,282,151
Ensembl chr 7:4,137,728...4,282,124 		JBrowse link
G TBX21 T-box transcription factor 21 involved_in
acts_upstream_of_or_within		 IEA
ISO		 (PMID:12882831) Ensembl
MGI		 PMID:12882831 GO_REF:0000107 NCBI chr 9:24,077,752...24,086,560
Ensembl chr 9:24,077,761...24,086,261 		JBrowse link
regulation of isotype switching term browser
Symbol Object Name Qualifiers Evidence Notes Source PubMed Reference(s) RGD Reference(s) Position
G APLF aprataxin and PNKP like factor acts_upstream_of_or_within ISO (PMID:21211721) MGI PMID:21211721 NCBI chr10:67,454,500...67,522,659
Ensembl chr10:67,454,356...67,521,761 		JBrowse link
G MIR181B-2 microRNA mir-181b-2 acts_upstream_of_or_within ISO (PMID:18762567) MGI PMID:18762567 NCBI chr 9:58,301,314...58,301,373
Ensembl chr 9:58,301,300...58,301,388 		JBrowse link
G MIR181D microRNA mir-181d acts_upstream_of_or_within ISO (PMID:18762567) MGI PMID:18762567 NCBI chr20:48,593,158...48,593,221 JBrowse link
G SUPT6H SPT6 homolog, histone chaperone and transcription elongation factor involved_in IEA Ensembl GO_REF:0000107 NCBI chr 9:42,859,154...42,896,044
Ensembl chr 9:42,859,361...42,904,487 		JBrowse link
regulation of isotype switching to IgG isotypes term browser
Symbol Object Name Qualifiers Evidence Notes Source PubMed Reference(s) RGD Reference(s) Position
G FOXP3 forkhead box P3 involved_in
acts_upstream_of_or_within		 IEA
ISO		 (PMID:16275384) Ensembl
MGI		 PMID:16275384 GO_REF:0000107 NCBI chr  X:42,331,229...42,362,841
Ensembl chr  X:42,344,108...42,350,758 		JBrowse link
G IL27RA interleukin 27 receptor subunit alpha involved_in
acts_upstream_of_or_within		 IEA
ISO		 (PMID:11057672) Ensembl
MGI		 PMID:11057672 GO_REF:0000107 NCBI chr20:48,456,766...48,475,414
Ensembl chr20:48,457,134...48,472,450 		JBrowse link
G NDFIP1 Nedd4 family interacting protein 1 involved_in
acts_upstream_of_or_within		 IEA
ISO		 (PMID:17137798) Ensembl
MGI		 PMID:17137798 GO_REF:0000107 NCBI chr 2:36,978,148...37,065,247
Ensembl chr 2:36,961,024...37,064,303 		JBrowse link
G SLC15A4 solute carrier family 15 member 4 involved_in IEA Ensembl GO_REF:0000107 NCBI chr26:2,803,798...2,832,057
Ensembl chr26:2,802,724...2,831,530 		JBrowse link
Term paths to the root
Path 1
Term Annotations click to browse term
  biological_process 17917
    immune system process 2495
      leukocyte activation 1025
        lymphocyte activation 833
          lymphocyte activation involved in immune response 224
            B cell activation involved in immune response 97
              isotype switching 61
                isotype switching to IgA isotypes + 9
                isotype switching to IgD isotypes + 0
                isotype switching to IgE isotypes + 8
                isotype switching to IgG isotypes + 18
                negative regulation of isotype switching + 5
                positive regulation of isotype switching + 33
                regulation of isotype switching + 44
Path 2
Term Annotations click to browse term
  biological_process 17917
    metabolic process 10998
      organic substance metabolic process 10554
        organic cyclic compound metabolic process 5907
          nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process 5439
            nucleic acid metabolic process 4871
              DNA metabolic process 941
                DNA recombination 336
                  somatic cell DNA recombination 81
                    somatic diversification of immune receptors via germline recombination within a single locus 81
                      somatic recombination of immunoglobulin gene segments 69
                        somatic recombination of immunoglobulin genes involved in immune response 61
                          isotype switching 61
                            isotype switching to IgA isotypes + 9
                            isotype switching to IgD isotypes + 0
                            isotype switching to IgE isotypes + 8
                            isotype switching to IgG isotypes + 18
                            negative regulation of isotype switching + 5
                            positive regulation of isotype switching + 33
                            regulation of isotype switching + 44
paths to the root