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ONTOLOGY REPORT - ANNOTATIONS


Term:nucleobase metabolic process
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Accession:GO:0009112 term browser browse the term
Definition:The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleobase, a nitrogenous base that is a constituent of a nucleic acid, e.g. the purines: adenine, guanine, hypoxanthine, xanthine and the pyrimidines: cytosine, uracil, thymine.
Synonyms:exact_synonym: nucleobase metabolism



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'de novo' pyrimidine nucleobase biosynthetic process term browser
Symbol Object Name Qualifiers Evidence Notes Source PubMed Reference(s) RGD Reference(s) Position
G Cad carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase 2, aspartate transcarbamylase, and dihydroorotase involved_in
acts_upstream_of_or_within
ISO
IBA
ISS
RGD
GO_Central
UniProt
MGI
PMID:1476792 GO_REF:0000008 GO_REF:0000024 GO_REF:0000033 GO_REF:0000096 GO_REF:0000119 RGD:5132591 NCBI chr 5:31,211,964...31,235,823
Ensembl chr 5:31,212,124...31,235,823
JBrowse link
G Cmpk1 cytidine/uridine monophosphate kinase 1 involved_in IEA InterPro GO_REF:0000002 NCBI chr 4:114,817,810...114,844,425
Ensembl chr 4:114,816,533...114,844,438
JBrowse link
G Cps1 carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase 1 involved_in IEA InterPro GO_REF:0000002 NCBI chr 1:67,151,294...67,270,426
Ensembl chr 1:67,162,185...67,270,418
JBrowse link
G Dhodh dihydroorotate dehydrogenase involved_in ISO
IBA
IEA
RGD
GO_Central
InterPro
PMID:1476792 GO_REF:0000002 GO_REF:0000033 GO_REF:0000096 RGD:5132591 NCBI chr 8:110,319,876...110,335,330
Ensembl chr 8:110,317,975...110,335,305
JBrowse link
G Mtor mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase involved_in IDA (PMID:23429704) CACAO PMID:23429704 NCBI chr 4:148,533,039...148,642,142
Ensembl chr 4:148,533,068...148,642,140
JBrowse link
G Umps uridine monophosphate synthetase involved_in IEA InterPro GO_REF:0000002 NCBI chr16:33,775,152...33,787,408
Ensembl chr16:33,775,152...33,787,408
JBrowse link
adenine biosynthetic process term browser
Symbol Object Name Qualifiers Evidence Notes Source PubMed Reference(s) RGD Reference(s) Position
G Gart phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase involved_in IBA GO_Central GO_REF:0000033 NCBI chr16:91,418,283...91,444,505
Ensembl chr16:91,418,074...91,443,840
JBrowse link
adenine metabolic process term browser
Symbol Object Name Qualifiers Evidence Notes Source PubMed Reference(s) RGD Reference(s) Position
G Aprt adenine phosphoribosyl transferase acts_upstream_of_or_within IGI
IMP
IC
(PMID:8894695)
(PMID:8643571), (PMID:8894695)
(PMID:1235912)
MGI PMID:1235912 PMID:8643571 PMID:8894695 NCBI chr 8:123,301,376...123,303,646
Ensembl chr 8:123,301,374...123,303,648
JBrowse link
G Hprt1 hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1 acts_upstream_of_or_within IGI (PMID:8894695) MGI PMID:8894695 NCBI chr  X:52,076,955...52,110,537
Ensembl chr  X:52,077,014...52,110,536
JBrowse link
adenine salvage term browser
Symbol Object Name Qualifiers Evidence Notes Source PubMed Reference(s) RGD Reference(s) Position
G Aprt adenine phosphoribosyl transferase involved_in IBA
IEA
GO_Central
InterPro
GO_REF:0000002 GO_REF:0000033 NCBI chr 8:123,301,376...123,303,646
Ensembl chr 8:123,301,374...123,303,648
JBrowse link
cytosine metabolic process term browser
Symbol Object Name Qualifiers Evidence Notes Source PubMed Reference(s) RGD Reference(s) Position
G Mapk1 mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 acts_upstream_of_or_within IDA (PMID:15284227) MGI PMID:15284227 NCBI chr16:16,801,246...16,865,317
Ensembl chr16:16,801,246...16,865,317
JBrowse link
G Tet2 tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 2 acts_upstream_of_or_within IMP (PMID:21803851) MGI PMID:21803851 NCBI chr 3:133,169,438...133,250,882
Ensembl chr 3:133,169,440...133,250,900
JBrowse link
GMP catabolic process to guanine term browser
Symbol Object Name Qualifiers Evidence Notes Source PubMed Reference(s) RGD Reference(s) Position
G Nt5c2 5'-nucleotidase, cytosolic II involved_in IDA (PMID:5560407) MGI PMID:5560407 NCBI chr19:46,873,829...47,003,613
Ensembl chr19:46,871,756...47,003,592
JBrowse link
G Pnp purine-nucleoside phosphorylase involved_in IMP (PMID:11783524) MGI PMID:11783524 NCBI chr14:51,181,760...51,190,869
Ensembl chr14:51,168,539...51,190,869
JBrowse link
guanine catabolic process term browser
Symbol Object Name Qualifiers Evidence Notes Source PubMed Reference(s) RGD Reference(s) Position
G Gda guanine deaminase involved_in IDA
IEA
(PMID:8064675) MGI
UniProt
PMID:8064675 GO_REF:0000041 NCBI chr19:21,368,671...21,450,025
Ensembl chr19:21,368,671...21,450,809
JBrowse link
G Uox urate oxidase involved_in IDA (PMID:16462750) MGI PMID:16462750 NCBI chr 3:146,302,904...146,337,238
Ensembl chr 3:146,276,181...146,338,060
JBrowse link
G Urad ureidoimidazoline (2-oxo-4-hydroxy-4-carboxy-5) decarboxylase involved_in IDA (PMID:16462750) MGI PMID:16462750 NCBI chr 5:147,251,794...147,259,250
Ensembl chr 5:147,251,794...147,259,250
JBrowse link
G Urah urate (5-hydroxyiso-) hydrolase involved_in IDA (PMID:16462750) MGI PMID:16462750 NCBI chr 7:140,414,936...140,417,884
Ensembl chr 7:140,414,931...140,417,879
JBrowse link
G Xdh xanthine dehydrogenase involved_in IDA
ISO
(PMID:1590774)
(PMID:3443108)
MGI PMID:1590774 PMID:3443108 NCBI chr17:74,190,890...74,257,191
Ensembl chr17:74,190,890...74,257,191
JBrowse link
guanine metabolic process term browser
Symbol Object Name Qualifiers Evidence Notes Source PubMed Reference(s) RGD Reference(s) Position
G Gda guanine deaminase involved_in IBA GO_Central GO_REF:0000033 NCBI chr19:21,368,671...21,450,025
Ensembl chr19:21,368,671...21,450,809
JBrowse link
G Kdm1a lysine (K)-specific demethylase 1A involved_in ISO
IEA
RGD
Ensembl
GO_Central
PMID:20418916 GO_REF:0000096 GO_REF:0000107 RGD:9588315 NCBI chr 4:136,277,844...136,330,127
Ensembl chr 4:136,277,851...136,330,034
JBrowse link
guanine salvage term browser
Symbol Object Name Qualifiers Evidence Notes Source PubMed Reference(s) RGD Reference(s) Position
G Gm13377 predicted gene 13377 NOT|involved_in ISO (PMID:21054786) UniProt PMID:21054786 NCBI chr 2:21,049,620...21,144,493
Ensembl chr 2:21,049,619...21,146,765
JBrowse link
G Hprt1 hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1 involved_in IBA
ISO
IEA
GO_Central
Ensembl
GO_REF:0000033 GO_REF:0000107 GO_REF:0000119 NCBI chr  X:52,076,955...52,110,537
Ensembl chr  X:52,077,014...52,110,536
JBrowse link
hypoxanthine biosynthetic process term browser
Symbol Object Name Qualifiers Evidence Notes Source PubMed Reference(s) RGD Reference(s) Position
G Ada adenosine deaminase acts_upstream_of_or_within IMP (PMID:10720488) MGI PMID:10720488 NCBI chr 2:163,565,703...163,592,154
Ensembl chr 2:163,568,504...163,592,159
JBrowse link
G Prps1 phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase 1 involved_in ISO GO_Central GO_REF:0000119 NCBI chr  X:139,357,352...139,376,889
Ensembl chr  X:139,357,362...139,376,889
JBrowse link
hypoxanthine catabolic process term browser
Symbol Object Name Qualifiers Evidence Notes Source PubMed Reference(s) RGD Reference(s) Position
G Uox urate oxidase involved_in IDA (PMID:16462750) MGI PMID:16462750 NCBI chr 3:146,302,904...146,337,238
Ensembl chr 3:146,276,181...146,338,060
JBrowse link
G Urad ureidoimidazoline (2-oxo-4-hydroxy-4-carboxy-5) decarboxylase involved_in IDA (PMID:16462750) MGI PMID:16462750 NCBI chr 5:147,251,794...147,259,250
Ensembl chr 5:147,251,794...147,259,250
JBrowse link
G Urah urate (5-hydroxyiso-) hydrolase involved_in IDA (PMID:16462750) MGI PMID:16462750 NCBI chr 7:140,414,936...140,417,884
Ensembl chr 7:140,414,931...140,417,879
JBrowse link
G Xdh xanthine dehydrogenase involved_in ISO
IMP
IDA
(PMID:30936145)
(PMID:3443108)
(PMID:1590774)
RGD
GO_Central
MGI
PMID:232638 PMID:1590774 PMID:3443108 PMID:30936145 GO_REF:0000096 RGD:13210503 NCBI chr17:74,190,890...74,257,191
Ensembl chr17:74,190,890...74,257,191
JBrowse link
hypoxanthine metabolic process term browser
Symbol Object Name Qualifiers Evidence Notes Source PubMed Reference(s) RGD Reference(s) Position
G Hprt1 hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1 involved_in
acts_upstream_of_or_within
ISO
IBA
IMP
IC
(PMID:10037486)
(PMID:3029599)
(PMID:1235912)
RGD
GO_Central
MGI
PMID:1235912 PMID:3029599 PMID:6206848 PMID:10037486 GO_REF:0000033 GO_REF:0000096 GO_REF:0000119 RGD:1580844 NCBI chr  X:52,076,955...52,110,537
Ensembl chr  X:52,077,014...52,110,536
JBrowse link
hypoxanthine salvage term browser
Symbol Object Name Qualifiers Evidence Notes Source PubMed Reference(s) RGD Reference(s) Position
G Ada adenosine deaminase involved_in IBA GO_Central GO_REF:0000033 NCBI chr 2:163,565,703...163,592,154
Ensembl chr 2:163,568,504...163,592,159
JBrowse link
G Hprt1 hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1 involved_in ISS
ISO
UniProt
GO_Central
GO_REF:0000024 GO_REF:0000119 NCBI chr  X:52,076,955...52,110,537
Ensembl chr  X:52,077,014...52,110,536
JBrowse link
purine nucleobase biosynthetic process term browser
Symbol Object Name Qualifiers Evidence Notes Source PubMed Reference(s) RGD Reference(s) Position
G Gart phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase involved_in IEA InterPro GO_REF:0000002 NCBI chr16:91,418,283...91,444,505
Ensembl chr16:91,418,074...91,443,840
JBrowse link
G Paics phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase, phosphoribosylaminoribosylaminoimidazole, succinocarboxamide synthetase involved_in ISO
ISS
GO_Central
UniProt
GO_REF:0000024 GO_REF:0000119 NCBI chr 5:77,099,149...77,115,356
Ensembl chr 5:77,099,154...77,115,356
JBrowse link
G Ppat phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase involved_in IEA InterPro GO_REF:0000002 NCBI chr 5:77,061,096...77,099,425
Ensembl chr 5:77,061,096...77,099,425
JBrowse link
G Shmt1 serine hydroxymethyltransferase 1 (soluble) involved_in IEA
ISO
Ensembl
GO_Central
GO_REF:0000107 GO_REF:0000119 NCBI chr11:60,679,723...60,702,062
Ensembl chr11:60,678,930...60,702,544
JBrowse link
purine nucleobase catabolic process term browser
Symbol Object Name Qualifiers Evidence Notes Source PubMed Reference(s) RGD Reference(s) Position
G Dpyd dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase involved_in IEA
ISO
Ensembl
GO_Central
GO_REF:0000107 GO_REF:0000119 NCBI chr 3:118,355,758...119,226,573
Ensembl chr 3:118,355,778...119,226,573
JBrowse link
G Uox urate oxidase involved_in IBA GO_Central GO_REF:0000033 NCBI chr 3:146,302,904...146,337,238
Ensembl chr 3:146,276,181...146,338,060
JBrowse link
purine nucleobase metabolic process term browser
Symbol Object Name Qualifiers Evidence Notes Source PubMed Reference(s) RGD Reference(s) Position
G Acp3 acid phosphatase 3 involved_in IMP (PMID:18940592) UniProt PMID:18940592 NCBI chr 9:104,165,439...104,214,921
Ensembl chr 9:104,165,450...104,214,947
JBrowse link
G Adk adenosine kinase involved_in IBA GO_Central GO_REF:0000033 NCBI chr14:21,102,622...21,498,637
Ensembl chr14:21,102,642...21,498,637
JBrowse link
G Gmpr guanosine monophosphate reductase involved_in IEA UniProt GO_REF:0000043 NCBI chr13:45,660,905...45,699,862
Ensembl chr13:45,660,920...45,707,276
JBrowse link
G Gmpr2 guanosine monophosphate reductase 2 involved_in IEA UniProt GO_REF:0000043 NCBI chr14:55,909,692...55,935,602
Ensembl chr14:55,909,398...55,916,657
JBrowse link
G Prps1 phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase 1 involved_in ISO GO_Central GO_REF:0000119 NCBI chr  X:139,357,352...139,376,889
Ensembl chr  X:139,357,362...139,376,889
JBrowse link
G Ttr transthyretin involved_in IBA GO_Central GO_REF:0000033 NCBI chr18:20,797,266...20,807,383
Ensembl chr18:20,798,337...20,807,378
JBrowse link
G Uox urate oxidase acts_upstream_of_or_within TAS (PMID:11461119) MGI PMID:11461119 NCBI chr 3:146,302,904...146,337,238
Ensembl chr 3:146,276,181...146,338,060
JBrowse link
G Urah urate (5-hydroxyiso-) hydrolase involved_in IBA GO_Central GO_REF:0000033 NCBI chr 7:140,414,936...140,417,884
Ensembl chr 7:140,414,931...140,417,879
JBrowse link
pyrimidine nucleobase biosynthetic process term browser
Symbol Object Name Qualifiers Evidence Notes Source PubMed Reference(s) RGD Reference(s) Position
G Ctps1 cytidine 5'-triphosphate synthase 1 involved_in IBA GO_Central GO_REF:0000033 NCBI chr 4:120,397,065...120,427,473
Ensembl chr 4:120,397,065...120,427,473
JBrowse link
G Ctps2 cytidine 5'-triphosphate synthase 2 involved_in IBA GO_Central GO_REF:0000033 NCBI chr  X:161,684,264...161,817,537
Ensembl chr  X:161,684,234...161,815,504
JBrowse link
G Umps uridine monophosphate synthetase involved_in IBA GO_Central GO_REF:0000033 NCBI chr16:33,775,152...33,787,408
Ensembl chr16:33,775,152...33,787,408
JBrowse link
pyrimidine nucleobase catabolic process term browser
Symbol Object Name Qualifiers Evidence Notes Source PubMed Reference(s) RGD Reference(s) Position
G Crmp1 collapsin response mediator protein 1 NOT|involved_in IBA GO_Central GO_REF:0000033 NCBI chr 5:37,399,402...37,449,507
Ensembl chr 5:37,399,284...37,449,477
JBrowse link
G Dpyd dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase involved_in
acts_upstream_of_or_within
ISO
IDA
(PMID:12651209) RGD
GO_Central
MGI
PMID:1629785 PMID:12651209 GO_REF:0000096 GO_REF:0000119 RGD:1599794 NCBI chr 3:118,355,758...119,226,573
Ensembl chr 3:118,355,778...119,226,573
JBrowse link
G Dpys dihydropyrimidinase involved_in ISO
IBA
GO_Central GO_REF:0000033 GO_REF:0000119 NCBI chr15:39,631,881...39,720,866
Ensembl chr15:39,631,883...39,720,866
JBrowse link
G Dpysl2 dihydropyrimidinase-like 2 NOT|involved_in IBA GO_Central GO_REF:0000033 NCBI chr14:67,040,313...67,148,490
Ensembl chr14:67,040,313...67,148,410
JBrowse link
G Dpysl3 dihydropyrimidinase-like 3 NOT|involved_in IBA GO_Central GO_REF:0000033 NCBI chr18:43,454,044...43,571,354
Ensembl chr18:43,454,049...43,571,351
JBrowse link
G Dpysl4 dihydropyrimidinase-like 4 NOT|involved_in IBA GO_Central GO_REF:0000033 NCBI chr 7:138,665,917...138,681,711
Ensembl chr 7:138,665,917...138,682,620
JBrowse link
G Dpysl5 dihydropyrimidinase-like 5 NOT|involved_in IBA GO_Central GO_REF:0000033 NCBI chr 5:30,868,908...30,956,713
Ensembl chr 5:30,868,908...30,956,719
JBrowse link
pyrimidine nucleobase metabolic process term browser
Symbol Object Name Qualifiers Evidence Notes Source PubMed Reference(s) RGD Reference(s) Position
G Rrm1 ribonucleotide reductase M1 involved_in ISO
IEA
orotic acid RGD
Ensembl
PMID:10204803 GO_REF:0000107 RGD:5133695 NCBI chr 7:102,090,902...102,118,978
Ensembl chr 7:102,090,902...102,118,978
JBrowse link
G Rrm2 ribonucleotide reductase M2 ISO orotic acid RGD PMID:10204803 RGD:5133695 NCBI chr12:24,758,253...24,764,145
Ensembl chr12:24,758,240...24,764,145
JBrowse link
G Tymp thymidine phosphorylase involved_in IEA InterPro GO_REF:0000002 NCBI chr15:89,255,834...89,261,282
Ensembl chr15:89,256,134...89,261,242
JBrowse link
G Tyms thymidylate synthase ISO 5-fluorocytosine RGD PMID:9524100 RGD:5133447 NCBI chr 5:30,243,544...30,279,261
Ensembl chr 5:30,263,200...30,278,615
JBrowse link
thymine catabolic process term browser
Symbol Object Name Qualifiers Evidence Notes Source PubMed Reference(s) RGD Reference(s) Position
G Aldh6a1 aldehyde dehydrogenase family 6, subfamily A1 involved_in ISO
IEA
IBA
RGD
Ensembl
GO_Central
PMID:2768248 GO_REF:0000033 GO_REF:0000096 GO_REF:0000107 GO_REF:0000119 RGD:1599052 NCBI chr12:84,477,491...84,497,798
Ensembl chr12:84,477,491...84,497,778
JBrowse link
G Dpyd dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase involved_in IBA
IEA
ISO
GO_Central
Ensembl
GO_REF:0000033 GO_REF:0000107 GO_REF:0000119 NCBI chr 3:118,355,758...119,226,573
Ensembl chr 3:118,355,778...119,226,573
JBrowse link
G Dpys dihydropyrimidinase involved_in ISO
ISS
(PMID:8307005) GO_Central
BHF-UCL
PMID:8307005 GO_REF:0000096 NCBI chr15:39,631,881...39,720,866
Ensembl chr15:39,631,883...39,720,866
JBrowse link
thymine metabolic process term browser
Symbol Object Name Qualifiers Evidence Notes Source PubMed Reference(s) RGD Reference(s) Position
G Aldh6a1 aldehyde dehydrogenase family 6, subfamily A1 involved_in ISO GO_Central GO_REF:0000096 NCBI chr12:84,477,491...84,497,798
Ensembl chr12:84,477,491...84,497,778
JBrowse link
uracil catabolic process term browser
Symbol Object Name Qualifiers Evidence Notes Source PubMed Reference(s) RGD Reference(s) Position
G Dpyd dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase involved_in ISO
IBA
ISS
GO_Central
UniProt
GO_REF:0000024 GO_REF:0000033 GO_REF:0000119 NCBI chr 3:118,355,758...119,226,573
Ensembl chr 3:118,355,778...119,226,573
JBrowse link
G Dpys dihydropyrimidinase involved_in ISO
ISS
(PMID:8307005) GO_Central
BHF-UCL
PMID:8307005 GO_REF:0000096 GO_REF:0000119 NCBI chr15:39,631,881...39,720,866
Ensembl chr15:39,631,883...39,720,866
JBrowse link
uracil metabolic process term browser
Symbol Object Name Qualifiers Evidence Notes Source PubMed Reference(s) RGD Reference(s) Position
G Dpyd dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase involved_in ISO RGD
GO_Central
PMID:7626590 GO_REF:0000096 RGD:1624989 NCBI chr 3:118,355,758...119,226,573
Ensembl chr 3:118,355,778...119,226,573
JBrowse link
G Dpys dihydropyrimidinase involved_in ISO RGD
GO_Central
PMID:7626590 PMID:8307005 GO_REF:0000096 RGD:1624989 RGD:1624990 NCBI chr15:39,631,881...39,720,866
Ensembl chr15:39,631,883...39,720,866
JBrowse link
G Tyms thymidylate synthase involved_in ISO
IEA
RGD
Ensembl
PMID:2043679 GO_REF:0000107 RGD:5133426 NCBI chr 5:30,243,544...30,279,261
Ensembl chr 5:30,263,200...30,278,615
JBrowse link
xanthine biosynthetic process term browser
Symbol Object Name Qualifiers Evidence Notes Source PubMed Reference(s) RGD Reference(s) Position
G Ada adenosine deaminase acts_upstream_of_or_within IMP (PMID:10720488) MGI PMID:10720488 NCBI chr 2:163,565,703...163,592,154
Ensembl chr 2:163,568,504...163,592,159
JBrowse link
xanthine catabolic process term browser
Symbol Object Name Qualifiers Evidence Notes Source PubMed Reference(s) RGD Reference(s) Position
G Uox urate oxidase involved_in IDA (PMID:4207016) MGI PMID:4207016 NCBI chr 3:146,302,904...146,337,238
Ensembl chr 3:146,276,181...146,338,060
JBrowse link
G Urad ureidoimidazoline (2-oxo-4-hydroxy-4-carboxy-5) decarboxylase involved_in IDA (PMID:16462750) MGI PMID:16462750 NCBI chr 5:147,251,794...147,259,250
Ensembl chr 5:147,251,794...147,259,250
JBrowse link
G Urah urate (5-hydroxyiso-) hydrolase involved_in IDA (PMID:16462750) MGI PMID:16462750 NCBI chr 7:140,414,936...140,417,884
Ensembl chr 7:140,414,931...140,417,879
JBrowse link
G Xdh xanthine dehydrogenase involved_in ISO
IBA
ISS
IDA
(PMID:3443108)
(PMID:1590774)
MGI
GO_Central
UniProt
PMID:1590774 PMID:3443108 GO_REF:0000024 GO_REF:0000033 GO_REF:0000096 GO_REF:0000119 NCBI chr17:74,190,890...74,257,191
Ensembl chr17:74,190,890...74,257,191
JBrowse link

Term paths to the root
Path 1
Term Annotations click to browse term
  biological_process 28635
    cellular process 18389
      metabolic process 11662
        small molecule metabolic process 1927
          nucleobase-containing small molecule metabolic process 712
            nucleobase metabolic process 44
              nucleobase biosynthetic process + 17
              nucleobase catabolic process + 13
              purine nucleobase metabolic process + 23
              pyrimidine nucleobase metabolic process + 22
Path 2
Term Annotations click to browse term
  biological_process 28635
    cellular process 18389
      metabolic process 11662
        primary metabolic process 10275
          nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process 5755
            nucleobase-containing small molecule metabolic process 712
              nucleobase metabolic process 44
                nucleobase biosynthetic process + 17
                nucleobase catabolic process + 13
                purine nucleobase metabolic process + 23
                pyrimidine nucleobase metabolic process + 22
paths to the root