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ONTOLOGY REPORT - ANNOTATIONS


Term:fatty acid beta-oxidation
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Accession:GO:0006635 term browser browse the term
Definition:A fatty acid oxidation process that results in the complete oxidation of a long-chain fatty acid. Fatty acid beta-oxidation begins with the addition of coenzyme A to a fatty acid, and occurs by successive cycles of reactions during each of which the fatty acid is shortened by a two-carbon fragment removed as acetyl coenzyme A; the cycle continues until only two or three carbons remain (as acetyl-CoA or propionyl-CoA respectively).


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fatty acid beta-oxidation term browser
Symbol Object Name Qualifiers Evidence Notes Source PubMed Reference(s) RGD Reference(s) Position
G Abcd1 ATP binding cassette subfamily D member 1 involved_in ISO (PMID:17542813), (PMID:9425230)
(PMID:10196381)
(MGI:5315378|PMID:10196381)
(PMID:18757502), (PMID:21145416)
(PMID:23671276)
UniProt PMID:9425230 PMID:10196381 PMID:17542813 PMID:18757502 PMID:21145416 More... MGI:5315378 NCBI chrNW_004955580:459,715...475,363
Ensembl chrNW_004955580:459,715...475,774
JBrowse link
G Abcd2 ATP binding cassette subfamily D member 2 involved_in ISO (PMID:21145416)
(PMID:10196381)
(MGI:5315378|PMID:10196381)
UniProt PMID:10196381 PMID:21145416 MGI:5315378 NCBI chrNW_004955505:717,800...769,702
Ensembl chrNW_004955505:721,222...798,470
JBrowse link
G Abcd3 ATP binding cassette subfamily D member 3 involved_in ISO (PMID:9425230)
(PMID:24333844)
UniProt PMID:9425230 PMID:24333844 NCBI chrNW_004955423:280,497...359,711
Ensembl chrNW_004955423:280,497...359,711
JBrowse link
G Acaa2 acetyl-CoA acyltransferase 2 ISO RGD PMID:11879205 RGD:2317624 NCBI chrNW_004955402:34,857,317...34,885,169
Ensembl chrNW_004955402:34,857,317...34,885,169
JBrowse link
G Acadm acyl-CoA dehydrogenase medium chain involved_in ISO (PMID:2393404) UniProt PMID:2393404 NCBI chrNW_004955423:17,173,648...17,199,189
Ensembl chrNW_004955423:17,172,779...17,199,090
JBrowse link
G Acadvl acyl-CoA dehydrogenase very long chain ISO RGD PMID:8034667 RGD:631729 NCBI chrNW_004955467:9,684,070...9,689,454
Ensembl chrNW_004955467:9,684,250...9,689,356
JBrowse link
G Acox2 acyl-CoA oxidase 2 ISO RGD PMID:1400324 PMID:8654595 RGD:2299949 RGD:2299971 NCBI chrNW_004955430:1,638,931...1,665,308
Ensembl chrNW_004955430:1,638,431...1,665,141
JBrowse link
G Adipoq adiponectin, C1Q and collagen domain containing acts_upstream_of_or_within ISO (PMID:12151381) MGI PMID:12151381 NCBI chrNW_004955420:20,911,181...20,922,992
Ensembl chrNW_004955420:20,912,348...20,914,402
JBrowse link
G Aldh1l2 aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family member L2 acts_upstream_of_or_within_positive_effect ISO (MGI:6489626|PMID:33168096)
(PMID:33168096)
UniProt PMID:33168096 MGI:6489626 NCBI chrNW_004955405:39,387,949...39,437,282
Ensembl chrNW_004955405:39,387,527...39,437,322
JBrowse link
G Bdh2 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase 2 involved_in ISO (PMID:16380372) HGNC-UCL PMID:16380372 NCBI chrNW_004955496:5,518,403...5,534,325
Ensembl chrNW_004955496:5,518,245...5,538,669
JBrowse link
G Cpt1a carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A ISO RGD PMID:31901136 PMID:31953200 RGD:25823178 RGD:25823179 NCBI chrNW_004955422:17,105,887...17,159,696
Ensembl chrNW_004955422:17,109,256...17,159,838
JBrowse link
G Cpt2 carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2 involved_in ISO (PMID:20538056) RGD
UniProt
PMID:10380116 PMID:10796071 PMID:20538056 RGD:21410186 RGD:2326088 NCBI chrNW_004955464:5,942,986...5,970,325
Ensembl chrNW_004955464:5,942,986...5,970,345
JBrowse link
G Crot carnitine O-octanoyltransferase involved_in ISO (PMID:21619872) UniProt PMID:21619872 NCBI chrNW_004955607:379,121...413,394
Ensembl chrNW_004955607:378,439...413,394
JBrowse link
G Decr1 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase 1 involved_in ISO (PMID:15531764) UniProt PMID:15531764 NCBI chrNW_004955417:6,893,231...6,931,754
Ensembl chrNW_004955417:6,893,231...6,931,754
JBrowse link
G Echs1 enoyl-CoA hydratase, short chain 1 involved_in ISO (PMID:26251176) RGD
UniProt
PMID:12379132 PMID:26251176 RGD:2317616 NCBI chrNW_004955477:11,012,451...11,021,487
Ensembl chrNW_004955477:11,012,451...11,021,486
JBrowse link
G Eci1 enoyl-CoA delta isomerase 1 involved_in
acts_upstream_of_or_within
ISO PMID:11781327
(PMID:11916962)
UniProt
MGI
PMID:11781327 PMID:11916962 RGD:2306199 NCBI chrNW_004955442:15,010,412...15,027,014
Ensembl chrNW_004955442:15,010,412...15,027,014
JBrowse link
G Eci2 enoyl-CoA delta isomerase 2 ISO RGD PMID:11781327 RGD:2306199 NCBI chrNW_004955465:9,297,794...9,314,409
Ensembl chrNW_004955465:9,296,973...9,314,942
JBrowse link
G Hadh hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase involved_in ISO (PMID:11489939)
(PMID:2817332)
RGD
UniProt
PMID:2817332 PMID:11489939 PMID:17491019 RGD:2302227 NCBI chrNW_004955496:1,835,034...1,861,410
Ensembl chrNW_004955496:1,835,034...1,861,407
JBrowse link
G Hadha hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase trifunctional multienzyme complex subunit alpha acts_upstream_of_or_within
involved_in
ISO (PMID:11390422)
(PMID:29915090)
RGD
MGI
ComplexPortal
PMID:1730633 PMID:11390422 PMID:29915090 RGD:1600572 NCBI chrNW_004955469:8,183,945...8,233,869
Ensembl chrNW_004955469:8,183,945...8,233,869
JBrowse link
G Hadhb hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase trifunctional multienzyme complex subunit beta involved_in ISO (PMID:29915090) RGD
ComplexPortal
PMID:1730633 PMID:29915090 RGD:1600572 NCBI chrNW_004955469:8,233,980...8,272,149
Ensembl chrNW_004955469:8,233,980...8,274,450
JBrowse link
G Hsd17b10 hydroxysteroid 17-beta dehydrogenase 10 involved_in ISO (PMID:12917011) UniProt PMID:12917011 NCBI chrNW_004955475:478,690...481,029
Ensembl chrNW_004955475:478,690...481,029
JBrowse link
G Hsd17b4 hydroxysteroid 17-beta dehydrogenase 4 involved_in
acts_upstream_of_or_within
ISO (PMID:10400999), (PMID:10706581), (PMID:15060085), (PMID:9482850)
(PMID:17442273)
UniProt
MGI
PMID:9482850 PMID:10400999 PMID:10706581 PMID:15060085 PMID:17442273 NCBI chrNW_004955408:39,041,028...39,136,867
Ensembl chrNW_004955408:39,040,840...39,138,338
JBrowse link
G Lep leptin acts_upstream_of_or_within ISO (PMID:22958918) MGI PMID:22958918 NCBI chrNW_004955479:9,266,604...9,276,568
Ensembl chrNW_004955479:9,274,516...9,279,472
JBrowse link
G Pex2 peroxisomal biogenesis factor 2 involved_in ISO (PMID:10528859), (PMID:9765053) UniProt PMID:9765053 PMID:10528859 NCBI chrNW_004955444:3,811,972...3,830,666
Ensembl chrNW_004955444:3,811,973...3,830,666
JBrowse link
G Pex5 peroxisomal biogenesis factor 5 acts_upstream_of_or_within ISO (PMID:17442273)
(PMID:9288097)
MGI PMID:9288097 PMID:17442273 NCBI chrNW_004955413:4,736,189...4,755,559
Ensembl chrNW_004955413:4,736,189...4,755,766
JBrowse link
G Pex7 peroxisomal biogenesis factor 7 acts_upstream_of_or_within ISO (PMID:12915479) MGI PMID:12915479 NCBI chrNW_004955439:71,302...138,278
Ensembl chrNW_004955439:71,302...138,278
JBrowse link
G Scp2 sterol carrier protein 2 involved_in ISO PMID:9325339 UniProt PMID:9325339 RGD:21201257 NCBI chrNW_004955464:6,097,241...6,224,287
Ensembl chrNW_004955464:6,094,758...6,224,287
JBrowse link
G Sesn2 sestrin 2 acts_upstream_of_or_within ISO (PMID:22958918) MGI PMID:22958918 NCBI chrNW_004955452:7,392,644...7,417,204
Ensembl chrNW_004955452:7,393,007...7,417,304
JBrowse link
G Slc25a17 solute carrier family 25 member 17 involved_in ISO (PMID:12445829) BHF-UCL PMID:12445829 NCBI chrNW_004955413:26,423,805...26,474,158
Ensembl chrNW_004955413:26,421,834...26,474,199
JBrowse link
G Slc27a2 solute carrier family 27 member 2 involved_in ISO (PMID:10198260) UniProt PMID:10198260 NCBI chrNW_004955409:4,077,685...4,112,828
Ensembl chrNW_004955409:4,077,149...4,112,828
JBrowse link
fatty acid beta-oxidation using acyl-CoA dehydrogenase term browser
Symbol Object Name Qualifiers Evidence Notes Source PubMed Reference(s) RGD Reference(s) Position
G Acad11 acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family member 11 involved_in ISO (PMID:21237683) UniProt PMID:21237683 NCBI chrNW_004955501:5,871,328...5,952,786
Ensembl chrNW_004955501:5,871,113...5,952,909
JBrowse link
G Acadl acyl-CoA dehydrogenase long chain involved_in ISO (PMID:15639194)
(MGI:3526480|PMID:15639194)
RGD
BHF-UCL
PMID:3968063 PMID:15639194 MGI:3526480 RGD:2317678 NCBI chrNW_004955457:5,266,032...5,300,632
Ensembl chrNW_004955457:5,266,033...5,300,056
JBrowse link
G Acadm acyl-CoA dehydrogenase medium chain involved_in ISO (PMID:18459129)
(MGI:4412440|PMID:18459129)
(PMID:16972171)
(PMID:1902818), (PMID:19224950), (PMID:25416781), (PMID:3597357)
RGD
BHF-UCL
PMID:1902818 PMID:3597357 PMID:3968063 PMID:16972171 PMID:18459129 More... MGI:4412440 RGD:2317678 NCBI chrNW_004955423:17,173,648...17,199,189
Ensembl chrNW_004955423:17,172,779...17,199,090
JBrowse link
G Acads acyl-CoA dehydrogenase short chain involved_in ISO (PMID:3597357) RGD
BHF-UCL
PMID:3597357 PMID:3968063 RGD:2317678 NCBI chrNW_004955455:10,928,560...10,942,748
Ensembl chrNW_004955455:10,928,560...10,942,926
JBrowse link
G Acadvl acyl-CoA dehydrogenase very long chain involved_in ISO (PMID:7668252)
(PMID:15639194)
(MGI:3526480|PMID:15639194)
(PMID:9599005)
BHF-UCL
UniProt
PMID:7668252 PMID:9599005 PMID:15639194 MGI:3526480 NCBI chrNW_004955467:9,684,070...9,689,454
Ensembl chrNW_004955467:9,684,250...9,689,356
JBrowse link
G Etfa electron transfer flavoprotein subunit alpha involved_in ISO (PMID:25416781) UniProt PMID:25416781 NCBI chrNW_004955450:1,392,526...1,451,591
Ensembl chrNW_004955450:1,392,479...1,451,591
JBrowse link
G Etfb electron transfer flavoprotein subunit beta involved_in ISO (PMID:25416781)
(MGI:5700285|PMID:25023281)
UniProt PMID:25023281 PMID:25416781 MGI:5700285 NCBI chrNW_004955558:1,032,743...1,046,300
Ensembl chrNW_004955558:1,032,743...1,046,300
JBrowse link
G Etfdh electron transfer flavoprotein dehydrogenase involved_in ISO (PMID:17412732) BHF-UCL PMID:17412732 NCBI chrNW_004955471:12,282,601...12,308,792
Ensembl chrNW_004955471:12,289,857...12,348,167
JBrowse link
G Gcdh glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase involved_in ISO (PMID:25416781) UniProt PMID:25416781 NCBI chrNW_004955415:31,952,400...31,958,067
Ensembl chrNW_004955415:31,952,580...31,961,615
JBrowse link
G Ivd isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase involved_in ISO (PMID:3597357) BHF-UCL PMID:3597357 NCBI chrNW_004955416:7,327,557...7,341,533
Ensembl chrNW_004955416:7,327,557...7,346,027
JBrowse link
fatty acid beta-oxidation using acyl-CoA oxidase term browser
Symbol Object Name Qualifiers Evidence Notes Source PubMed Reference(s) RGD Reference(s) Position
G Acox1 acyl-CoA oxidase 1 involved_in ISO (PMID:18536048) RGD
BHF-UCL
PMID:1400324 PMID:18536048 RGD:2299949 NCBI chrNW_004955506:6,286,824...6,309,764
Ensembl chrNW_004955506:6,286,648...6,312,716
JBrowse link
G Acox2 acyl-CoA oxidase 2 involved_in ISO (PMID:27884763) UniProt PMID:27884763 NCBI chrNW_004955430:1,638,931...1,665,308
Ensembl chrNW_004955430:1,638,431...1,665,141
JBrowse link
G Acox3 acyl-CoA oxidase 3, pristanoyl ISO RGD PMID:1400324 PMID:8026493 PMID:8654595 RGD:2299949 RGD:2299969 RGD:2299971 NCBI chrNW_004955514:2,653,502...2,690,452
Ensembl chrNW_004955514:2,656,144...2,685,896
JBrowse link
G Crat carnitine O-acetyltransferase involved_in ISO (PMID:23485643) UniProt PMID:23485643 NCBI chrNW_004955570:1,417,608...1,428,720
Ensembl chrNW_004955570:1,417,608...1,428,720
JBrowse link
negative regulation of fatty acid beta-oxidation term browser
Symbol Object Name Qualifiers Evidence Notes Source PubMed Reference(s) RGD Reference(s) Position
G Acacb acetyl-CoA carboxylase beta involved_in ISO (MGI:3530688|PMID:15677334), (MGI:3629477|PMID:12920182)
(PMID:12920182), (PMID:15677334)
UniProt PMID:12920182 PMID:15677334 MGI:3530688 MGI:3629477 NCBI chrNW_004955455:10,282,308...10,427,439
Ensembl chrNW_004955455:10,308,192...10,426,076
JBrowse link
G Akt1 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 involved_in ISO (PMID:16814735) BHF-UCL PMID:16814735 NCBI chrNW_004955538:3,208,711...3,224,386
Ensembl chrNW_004955538:3,208,710...3,229,904
JBrowse link
G Cnr1 cannabinoid receptor 1 ISO RGD PMID:19724020 RGD:2314644 NCBI chrNW_004955411:15,052,151...15,077,320
Ensembl chrNW_004955411:15,052,163...15,077,320
JBrowse link
G Dbi diazepam binding inhibitor, acyl-CoA binding protein ISO RGD PMID:11485163 RGD:2316274 NCBI chrNW_004955459:10,342,528...10,347,700
Ensembl chrNW_004955459:10,342,251...10,347,733
JBrowse link
G Mfsd2a MFSD2 lysolipid transporter A, lysophospholipid acts_upstream_of_or_within ISO (MGI:5474727|PMID:23209793) ARUK-UCL PMID:23209793 MGI:5474727 NCBI chrNW_004955452:17,430,850...17,443,830
Ensembl chrNW_004955452:17,430,219...17,443,830
JBrowse link
G Pink1 PTEN induced kinase 1 ISO RGD PMID:25421206 RGD:11560775 NCBI chrNW_004955452:1,171,115...1,186,338
Ensembl chrNW_004955452:1,171,205...1,185,125
JBrowse link
G Plin5 perilipin 5 involved_in ISO (MGI:5440401|PMID:22532565)
(PMID:21885430), (PMID:22675471)
(PMID:22532565)
(MGI:5559662|PMID:22675471), (MGI:5559666|PMID:21885430)
UniProt PMID:21885430 PMID:22532565 PMID:22675471 MGI:5440401 MGI:5559662 MGI:5559666 NCBI chrNW_004955495:4,406,590...4,414,783
Ensembl chrNW_004955495:4,407,246...4,416,848
JBrowse link
negative regulation of fatty acid beta-oxidation using acyl-CoA dehydrogenase term browser
Symbol Object Name Qualifiers Evidence Notes Source PubMed Reference(s) RGD Reference(s) Position
G Etfbkmt electron transfer flavoprotein subunit beta lysine methyltransferase involved_in ISO (PMID:25416781)
(MGI:5700285|PMID:25023281)
(PMID:25023281)
UniProt PMID:25023281 PMID:25416781 MGI:5700285 NCBI chrNW_004955411:35,999,583...36,025,805 JBrowse link
positive regulation of fatty acid beta-oxidation term browser
Symbol Object Name Qualifiers Evidence Notes Source PubMed Reference(s) RGD Reference(s) Position
G Abcd1 ATP binding cassette subfamily D member 1 involved_in ISO (PMID:23123468)
(PMID:18723473), (PMID:18854420), (PMID:23123468)
(MGI:3835692|PMID:18854420), (MGI:3836690|PMID:18723473), (MGI:6189665|PMID:23123468)
UniProt PMID:18723473 PMID:18854420 PMID:23123468 MGI:3835692 MGI:3836690 MGI:6189665 NCBI chrNW_004955580:459,715...475,363
Ensembl chrNW_004955580:459,715...475,774
JBrowse link
G Abcd2 ATP binding cassette subfamily D member 2 involved_in ISO (PMID:10196381)
(PMID:18723473), (PMID:18854420)
(MGI:3835692|PMID:18854420), (MGI:3836690|PMID:18723473)
UniProt PMID:10196381 PMID:18723473 PMID:18854420 MGI:3835692 MGI:3836690 NCBI chrNW_004955505:717,800...769,702
Ensembl chrNW_004955505:721,222...798,470
JBrowse link
G Acsl5 acyl-CoA synthetase long chain family member 5 ISO RGD PMID:14711823 RGD:2312802 NCBI chrNW_004955431:17,477,113...17,524,539
Ensembl chrNW_004955431:17,477,086...17,524,539
JBrowse link
G Akt2 AKT serine/threonine kinase 2 involved_in ISO (PMID:16814735) BHF-UCL PMID:16814735 NCBI chrNW_004955578:950,258...1,004,438
Ensembl chrNW_004955578:967,593...1,004,438
JBrowse link
G Cpt1a carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A ISO RGD PMID:19302064 RGD:2311346 NCBI chrNW_004955422:17,105,887...17,159,696
Ensembl chrNW_004955422:17,109,256...17,159,838
JBrowse link
G Irs1 insulin receptor substrate 1 involved_in ISO (PMID:16814735) BHF-UCL PMID:16814735 NCBI chrNW_004955453:7,685,715...7,742,262
Ensembl chrNW_004955453:7,685,715...7,742,262
JBrowse link
G Irs2 insulin receptor substrate 2 involved_in ISO (PMID:16814735) BHF-UCL PMID:16814735 NCBI chrNW_004955404:2,531,484...2,555,383
Ensembl chrNW_004955404:2,531,484...2,555,689
JBrowse link
G Plin5 perilipin 5 involved_in ISO PMID:22127648
(PMID:17130488)
(MGI:3709110|PMID:17130488)
UniProt PMID:17130488 PMID:22127648 MGI:3709110 RGD:8553692 NCBI chrNW_004955495:4,406,590...4,414,783
Ensembl chrNW_004955495:4,407,246...4,416,848
JBrowse link
G Twist1 twist family bHLH transcription factor 1 involved_in ISO (PMID:20007935) BHF-UCL PMID:20007935 NCBI chrNW_004955410:22,003,981...22,005,483 JBrowse link
regulation of fatty acid beta-oxidation term browser
Symbol Object Name Qualifiers Evidence Notes Source PubMed Reference(s) RGD Reference(s) Position
G Abcb11 ATP binding cassette subfamily B member 11 involved_in ISO (MGI:5442473|PMID:22619174)
(PMID:22619174)
UniProt PMID:22619174 MGI:5442473 NCBI chrNW_004955449:5,412,958...5,511,629
Ensembl chrNW_004955449:5,412,876...5,512,701
JBrowse link
G Abcd1 ATP binding cassette subfamily D member 1 involved_in ISO (MGI:1095802|PMID:9256488), (MGI:1101351|PMID:9418970), (MGI:5635749|PMID:25255441), (MGI:87573|PMID:9126326)
(PMID:25255441), (PMID:9126326), (PMID:9256488), (PMID:9418970)
UniProt PMID:9126326 PMID:9256488 PMID:9418970 PMID:25255441 MGI:1095802 MGI:1101351 MGI:5635749 MGI:87573 NCBI chrNW_004955580:459,715...475,363
Ensembl chrNW_004955580:459,715...475,774
JBrowse link
G Lonp2 lon peptidase 2, peroxisomal involved_in ISO (PMID:22002062) UniProt PMID:22002062 NCBI chrNW_004955474:6,991,371...7,084,008
Ensembl chrNW_004955474:6,991,371...7,084,008
JBrowse link
G Mtor mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase ISO RGD PMID:17142137 RGD:1625611 NCBI chrNW_004955486:2,487,642...2,599,694
Ensembl chrNW_004955486:2,487,642...2,599,694
JBrowse link
G Tysnd1 trypsin like peroxisomal matrix peptidase 1 involved_in ISO (PMID:22002062) UniProt PMID:22002062 NCBI chrNW_004955437:21,094,831...21,105,495
Ensembl chrNW_004955437:21,096,164...21,104,909
JBrowse link
very long-chain fatty acid beta-oxidation term browser
Symbol Object Name Qualifiers Evidence Notes Source PubMed Reference(s) RGD Reference(s) Position
G Acox1 acyl-CoA oxidase 1 involved_in ISO (PMID:32169171) UniProt PMID:32169171 NCBI chrNW_004955506:6,286,824...6,309,764
Ensembl chrNW_004955506:6,286,648...6,312,716
JBrowse link

Term paths to the root
Path 1
Term Annotations click to browse term
  biological_process 12533
    cellular process 11968
      metabolic process 7959
        catabolic process 1959
          lipid catabolic process 228
            fatty acid catabolic process 72
              fatty acid beta-oxidation 58
                fatty acid beta-oxidation using acyl-CoA dehydrogenase + 11
                fatty acid beta-oxidation using acyl-CoA oxidase + 4
                fatty acid beta-oxidation, unsaturated, even number + 0
                fatty acid beta-oxidation, unsaturated, odd number 0
                negative regulation of fatty acid beta-oxidation + 8
                positive regulation of fatty acid beta-oxidation + 9
                regulation of fatty acid beta-oxidation + 20
Path 2
Term Annotations click to browse term
  biological_process 12533
    cellular process 11968
      metabolic process 7959
        small molecule metabolic process 1316
          organic acid metabolic process 678
            oxoacid metabolic process 674
              carboxylic acid metabolic process 666
                monocarboxylic acid metabolic process 466
                  fatty acid metabolic process 285
                    fatty acid oxidation 92
                      fatty acid beta-oxidation 58
                        fatty acid beta-oxidation using acyl-CoA dehydrogenase + 11
                        fatty acid beta-oxidation using acyl-CoA oxidase + 4
                        fatty acid beta-oxidation, unsaturated, even number + 0
                        fatty acid beta-oxidation, unsaturated, odd number 0
                        negative regulation of fatty acid beta-oxidation + 8
                        positive regulation of fatty acid beta-oxidation + 9
                        regulation of fatty acid beta-oxidation + 20
paths to the root