Send us a Message
Submit Data |  Help |  Video Tutorials |  News |  Publications |  Download |  REST API |  Citing RGD |  Contact   
Search RGD Grant Resources Citing RGD About Us Contact Us
Genes Variants Community Projects QTLs Strains Markers Genome Information Ontologies Cell Lines References Download Submit Data
OntoMate (Literature Search) JBrowse (Genome Browser) Synteny Browser (VCMap) Variant Visualizer Multi-Ontology Enrichment (MOET) Gene-Ortholog Location Finder (GOLF) InterViewer (Protein-Protein Interactions) PhenoMiner (Quatitative Phenotypes) Gene Annotator OLGA (Gene List Generator) AllianceMine GViewer (Genome Viewer)
Aging & Age-Related Disease Cancer & Neoplastic Disease Cardiovascular Disease Coronavirus Disease Developmental Disease Diabetes Hematologic Disease Immune & Inflammatory Disease Infectious Disease Liver Disease Neurological Disease Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome Renal Disease Respiratory Disease Sensory Organ Disease
Find Models   new Genetic Models Autism Models Rat PhenoMiner (Quantitative Phenotypes) Chinchilla PhenoMiner Expected Ranges (Quantitative Phenotype) PhenoMiner Term Comparison Hybrid Rat Diversity Panel Phenotypes Phenotypes in Other Animal Models Animal Husbandry Strain Medical Records Phylogenetics Strain Availability Calendar Rats 101 Submissions Photo Archive
Pathways
Rat Community Forum Directory of Rat Laboratories Video Tutorials News RGD Publications RGD Presentations Archive Nomenclature Guidelines Resource Links Laboratory Resources Employment Resources

CHEBI ONTOLOGY - ANNOTATIONS

The Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI) ontology is downloaded weekly from EMBL-EBI at http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/. The data is made available under the Creative Commons License (CC BY 3.0, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/). For more information see: Degtyarenko et al. (2008) ChEBI: a database and ontology for chemical entities of biological interest. Nucleic Acids Res. 36, D344–D350.
Term:thiram
go back to main search page
Accession:CHEBI:9495 term browser browse the term
Definition:An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of N,N-dimethyldithiocarbamic acid. It is widely used as a fungicidal seed treatment.
Synonyms:exact_synonym: [disulfanediylbis(carbonothioylnitrilo)]tetramethane
 related_synonym: Arasan;   Bis(dimethyl-thiocarbamoyl)-disulfid;   Formula=C6H12N2S4;   InChI=1S/C6H12N2S4/c1-7(2)5(9)11-12-6(10)8(3)4/h1-4H3;   InChIKey=KUAZQDVKQLNFPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N;   N(1),N(1),N(3),N(3)-tetramethyl-2-dithioperoxy-1,3-dithiodicarbonic diamide;   N,N'-(dithiodicarbonothioyl)bis(N-methylmethanamine);   N,N-tetramethylthiuram disulfide;   Nomersan;   Pomarsol;   Rezifilm;   SMILES=CN(C)C(=S)SSC(=S)N(C)C;   TMTD;   Tetramethyl-thiram disulfid;   Tetramethylthioperoxydicarbonic diamide;   [Me2NC(S)S]2;   alpha,alpha'-dithiobis(dimethylthio)formamide;   bis((dimethylamino)carbonothioyl) disulfide;   bis(dimethyl thiocarbamoyl)disulfide;   bis(dimethylthiocarbamoyl) disulfide;   disulfure de tetramethylthiourame;   tetramethylenethiuram disulfide;   tetramethylthiuram disulfide;   tetramethylthiurane disulfide;   tetrathiuram disulfide;   thirame;   thiramum;   thiuram;   tiramo
 xref: CAS:137-26-8;   Drug_Central:3601;   KEGG:C11160;   KEGG:D06114
 xref_mesh: MESH:D013893
 xref: PMID:14587840;   PMID:1842585;   PMID:20940038;   PMID:3055654;   PMID:3176026;   PPDB:642;   Pesticides:thiram;   Reaxys:1725821;   Wikipedia:Thiram


show annotations for term's descendants           Sort by:
thiram term browser
Symbol Object Name Qualifiers Evidence Notes Source PubMed Reference(s) RGD Reference(s) Position
G AKR1C2 aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C2 increases activity EXP Thiram results in increased activity of AKR1C2 promoter CTD PMID:21195160 NCBI chr10:4,987,775...5,018,000
Ensembl chr10:4,987,775...5,018,031 		JBrowse link
G AMPD3 adenosine monophosphate deaminase 3 increases expression EXP Thiram results in increased expression of AMPD3 mRNA CTD PMID:24211530 NCBI chr11:10,450,388...10,507,579
Ensembl chr11:10,308,313...10,507,579 		JBrowse link
G ANXA10 annexin A10 increases expression EXP Thiram results in increased expression of ANXA10 mRNA CTD PMID:32194361 NCBI chr 4:168,092,537...168,187,736
Ensembl chr 4:168,092,537...168,187,736 		JBrowse link
G ARG1 arginase 1 decreases expression EXP Thiram results in decreased expression of ARG1 mRNA CTD PMID:32194361 NCBI chr 6:131,573,226...131,584,329
Ensembl chr 6:131,470,832...131,584,332 		JBrowse link
G ATF3 activating transcription factor 3 increases expression EXP Thiram results in increased expression of ATF3 mRNA CTD PMID:23999411 PMID:27965148 NCBI chr 1:212,565,407...212,620,777
Ensembl chr 1:212,565,334...212,620,777 		JBrowse link
G CASP1 caspase 1 affects expression ISO Thiram affects the expression of CASP1 protein CTD PMID:25929180 NCBI chr11:105,025,443...105,036,686
Ensembl chr11:105,025,397...105,035,250 		JBrowse link
G CCR2 C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 decreases expression EXP Thiram results in decreased expression of CCR2 mRNA CTD PMID:19371601 NCBI chr 3:46,354,111...46,360,940
Ensembl chr 3:46,353,864...46,360,940 		JBrowse link
G CD86 CD86 molecule increases expression EXP Thiram results in increased expression of CD86 protein CTD PMID:19665512 NCBI chr 3:122,055,362...122,121,136
Ensembl chr 3:122,055,362...122,121,139 		JBrowse link
G CREB1 cAMP responsive element binding protein 1 increases expression EXP Thiram results in increased expression of CREB1 mRNA CTD PMID:20385217 NCBI chr 2:207,529,962...207,605,988
Ensembl chr 2:207,529,737...207,605,988 		JBrowse link
G CREM cAMP responsive element modulator increases expression EXP Thiram results in increased expression of CREM mRNA CTD PMID:19371601 NCBI chr10:35,126,846...35,212,958
Ensembl chr10:35,126,791...35,212,958 		JBrowse link
G CXCL8 C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8 increases expression
increases secretion
multiple interactions		 EXP Thiram results in increased expression of CXCL8 mRNA
Thiram results in increased secretion of CXCL8 protein
SB 203580 affects the reaction [Thiram results in increased secretion of CXCL8 protein]		 CTD PMID:18494145 PMID:19878716 PMID:21920952 PMID:27965148 NCBI chr 4:73,740,569...73,743,716
Ensembl chr 4:73,740,519...73,743,716 		JBrowse link
G CYP1A1 cytochrome P450 family 1 subfamily A member 1 increases expression EXP Thiram results in increased expression of CYP1A1 mRNA; Thiram results in increased expression of CYP1A1 protein CTD PMID:32194361 NCBI chr15:74,719,542...74,725,528
Ensembl chr15:74,719,542...74,725,536 		JBrowse link
G CYP2C19 cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily C member 19 decreases expression EXP Thiram results in decreased expression of CYP2C19 protein CTD PMID:32194361 NCBI chr10:94,762,681...94,855,547
Ensembl chr10:94,762,681...94,855,547 		JBrowse link
G CYP2E1 cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily E member 1 increases metabolic processing
multiple interactions		 ISO CYP2E1 protein results in increased metabolism of Thiram
Thiram inhibits the reaction [Isoniazid results in increased activity of CYP2E1 protein]		 CTD PMID:12458634 NCBI chr10:133,527,363...133,539,123
Ensembl chr10:133,520,406...133,561,220 		JBrowse link
G CYP7A1 cytochrome P450 family 7 subfamily A member 1 decreases expression EXP Thiram results in decreased expression of CYP7A1 mRNA CTD PMID:32194361 NCBI chr 8:58,490,178...58,500,163
Ensembl chr 8:58,490,178...58,500,163 		JBrowse link
G DNAJB4 DnaJ heat shock protein family (Hsp40) member B4 increases expression EXP Thiram results in increased expression of DNAJB4 mRNA CTD PMID:23999411 PMID:27965148 NCBI chr 1:77,979,175...78,017,964
Ensembl chr 1:77,979,175...78,017,964 		JBrowse link
G FTH1 ferritin heavy chain 1 increases expression EXP Thiram results in increased expression of FTH1 mRNA CTD PMID:24211530 NCBI chr11:61,964,285...61,967,634
Ensembl chr11:61,959,718...61,967,634 		JBrowse link
G FTL ferritin light chain increases expression EXP Thiram results in increased expression of FTL mRNA CTD PMID:24211530 NCBI chr19:48,965,309...48,966,879
Ensembl chr19:48,965,309...48,966,879 		JBrowse link
G G6PC1 glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit 1 decreases expression EXP Thiram results in decreased expression of G6PC1 mRNA CTD PMID:32194361 NCBI chr17:42,900,799...42,914,438
Ensembl chr17:42,900,797...42,914,438 		JBrowse link
G GCLM glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit increases expression EXP Thiram results in increased expression of GCLM mRNA CTD PMID:23999411 PMID:24211530 PMID:27965148 NCBI chr 1:93,885,199...93,909,430
Ensembl chr 1:93,885,199...93,909,456 		JBrowse link
G HMOX1 heme oxygenase 1 increases expression ISO
EXP		 Thiram results in increased expression of HMOX1 mRNA CTD PMID:23445166 PMID:24211530 NCBI chr22:35,381,096...35,394,207
Ensembl chr22:35,380,361...35,394,214 		JBrowse link
G HSD11B2 hydroxysteroid 11-beta dehydrogenase 2 multiple interactions
decreases activity		 EXP Dithiothreitol inhibits the reaction [Thiram results in decreased activity of HSD11B2 protein]; Ethylmaleimide promotes the reaction [Thiram results in decreased activity of HSD11B2 protein]; Thiram inhibits the reaction [HSD11B2 protein results in increased oxidation of Dexamethasone] CTD PMID:12901862 PMID:16857225 PMID:22796344 NCBI chr16:67,429,801...67,437,553
Ensembl chr16:67,430,652...67,437,553 		JBrowse link
G HSD3B1 hydroxy-delta-5-steroid dehydrogenase, 3 beta- and steroid delta-isomerase 1 decreases activity
multiple interactions		 EXP Thiram results in decreased activity of HSD3B1 protein
Dithiothreitol inhibits the reaction [Thiram results in decreased activity of HSD3B1 protein]		 CTD PMID:36965607 NCBI chr 1:119,507,203...119,515,058
Ensembl chr 1:119,507,198...119,515,054 		JBrowse link
G HSPA6 heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 6 increases expression EXP Thiram results in increased expression of HSPA6 mRNA CTD PMID:23999411 NCBI chr 1:161,524,540...161,526,894
Ensembl chr 1:161,524,540...161,526,894 		JBrowse link
G ICAM1 intercellular adhesion molecule 1 multiple interactions
increases expression		 EXP Thiram promotes the reaction [TNF protein results in increased expression of ICAM1 protein]
Thiram results in increased expression of ICAM1 protein		 CTD PMID:25752435 NCBI chr19:10,271,120...10,286,615
Ensembl chr19:10,271,093...10,286,615 		JBrowse link
G IFNG interferon gamma increases expression ISO Thiram results in increased expression of IFNG protein CTD PMID:12062936 NCBI chr12:68,154,768...68,159,740
Ensembl chr12:68,154,768...68,159,740 		JBrowse link
G IL18 interleukin 18 increases expression EXP Thiram results in increased expression of IL18 protein CTD PMID:23063874 NCBI chr11:112,143,260...112,164,094
Ensembl chr11:112,143,253...112,164,096 		JBrowse link
G IL1A interleukin 1 alpha increases expression EXP Thiram results in increased expression of IL1A mRNA CTD PMID:33715048 NCBI chr 2:112,773,925...112,784,493
Ensembl chr 2:112,773,925...112,784,493 		JBrowse link
G IL1B interleukin 1 beta increases secretion EXP Thiram results in increased secretion of IL1B protein CTD PMID:33715048 NCBI chr 2:112,829,751...112,836,779
Ensembl chr 2:112,829,751...112,836,816 		JBrowse link
G IL4 interleukin 4 increases expression ISO Thiram results in increased expression of IL4 protein CTD PMID:12062936 NCBI chr 5:132,673,989...132,682,678
Ensembl chr 5:132,673,986...132,682,678 		JBrowse link
G LEP leptin multiple interactions ISO [2-amino-3-chloro-1,4-naphthoquinone co-treated with Ziram co-treated with cyromazine co-treated with 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy gamma-butyric acid co-treated with pirimicarb co-treated with Thiram] results in increased expression of LEP protein CTD PMID:29321614 NCBI chr 7:128,241,278...128,257,629
Ensembl chr 7:128,241,278...128,257,629 		JBrowse link
G LEPR leptin receptor multiple interactions ISO [2-amino-3-chloro-1,4-naphthoquinone co-treated with Ziram co-treated with cyromazine co-treated with 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy gamma-butyric acid co-treated with pirimicarb co-treated with Thiram] results in decreased expression of LEPR mRNA CTD PMID:29321614 NCBI chr 1:65,420,652...65,641,559
Ensembl chr 1:65,420,652...65,641,559 		JBrowse link
G MT1G metallothionein 1G increases expression EXP Thiram results in increased expression of MT1G mRNA CTD PMID:32870474 NCBI chr16:56,666,730...56,668,065
Ensembl chr16:56,666,730...56,668,065 		JBrowse link
G MYC MYC proto-oncogene, bHLH transcription factor increases expression EXP Thiram results in increased expression of MYC mRNA CTD PMID:24211530 NCBI chr 8:127,735,434...127,742,951
Ensembl chr 8:127,735,434...127,742,951 		JBrowse link
G NAMPT nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase increases expression EXP Thiram results in increased expression of NAMPT mRNA CTD PMID:19371601 NCBI chr 7:106,248,298...106,285,888
Ensembl chr 7:106,248,298...106,285,966 		JBrowse link
G NFKB1 nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1 decreases expression EXP Thiram results in decreased expression of NFKB1 mRNA CTD PMID:20385217 NCBI chr 4:102,501,359...102,617,302
Ensembl chr 4:102,501,330...102,617,302 		JBrowse link
G NLRP3 NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 affects expression ISO Thiram affects the expression of NLRP3 protein CTD PMID:25929180 NCBI chr 1:247,416,077...247,448,817
Ensembl chr 1:247,416,156...247,449,108 		JBrowse link
G NMB neuromedin B multiple interactions ISO [2-amino-3-chloro-1,4-naphthoquinone co-treated with Ziram co-treated with cyromazine co-treated with 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy gamma-butyric acid co-treated with pirimicarb co-treated with Thiram] results in decreased expression of NMB mRNA CTD PMID:29321614 NCBI chr15:84,655,132...84,658,199
Ensembl chr15:84,655,129...84,658,563 		JBrowse link
G NMBR neuromedin B receptor multiple interactions ISO [2-amino-3-chloro-1,4-naphthoquinone co-treated with Ziram co-treated with cyromazine co-treated with 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy gamma-butyric acid co-treated with pirimicarb co-treated with Thiram] results in increased expression of NMBR mRNA CTD PMID:29321614 NCBI chr 6:142,074,484...142,147,122
Ensembl chr 6:142,058,330...142,147,122 		JBrowse link
G NPY1R neuropeptide Y receptor Y1 multiple interactions ISO [2-amino-3-chloro-1,4-naphthoquinone co-treated with Ziram co-treated with cyromazine co-treated with 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy gamma-butyric acid co-treated with pirimicarb co-treated with Thiram] results in increased expression of NPY1R mRNA CTD PMID:29321614 NCBI chr 4:163,323,962...163,344,689
Ensembl chr 4:163,323,962...163,344,832 		JBrowse link
G NQO1 NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 increases expression EXP Thiram results in increased expression of NQO1 mRNA CTD PMID:24211530 NCBI chr16:69,709,401...69,726,560
Ensembl chr16:69,706,996...69,726,668 		JBrowse link
G NR3C1 nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 1 multiple interactions EXP Dithiothreitol inhibits the reaction [Thiram inhibits the reaction [Dexamethasone binds to NR3C1 protein]]; Thiram inhibits the reaction [Dexamethasone binds to NR3C1 protein]; Thiram inhibits the reaction [Hydrocortisone binds to NR3C1 protein] CTD PMID:16857225 NCBI chr 5:143,277,931...143,435,512
Ensembl chr 5:143,277,931...143,435,512 		JBrowse link
G PARK7 Parkinsonism associated deglycase decreases activity EXP Thiram results in decreased activity of PARK7 protein CTD PMID:36842454 NCBI chr 1:7,961,711...7,985,505
Ensembl chr 1:7,954,291...7,985,505 		JBrowse link
G PECAM1 platelet and endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 multiple interactions EXP Thiram inhibits the reaction [TNF protein results in decreased expression of PECAM1 protein] CTD PMID:25752435 NCBI chr17:64,319,415...64,390,860
Ensembl chr17:64,319,415...64,413,776 		JBrowse link
G PRKCA protein kinase C alpha decreases activity EXP Thiram results in decreased activity of PRKCA protein CTD PMID:15998240 NCBI chr17:66,302,613...66,810,743
Ensembl chr17:66,302,613...66,810,743 		JBrowse link
G PRKCB protein kinase C beta decreases activity EXP Thiram results in decreased activity of PRKCB protein CTD PMID:15998240 NCBI chr16:23,835,983...24,220,611
Ensembl chr16:23,835,983...24,220,611 		JBrowse link
G PRKCD protein kinase C delta increases activity EXP Thiram results in increased activity of PRKCD protein CTD PMID:15998240 NCBI chr 3:53,161,209...53,192,717
Ensembl chr 3:53,156,009...53,192,717 		JBrowse link
G PRKCE protein kinase C epsilon decreases activity EXP Thiram results in decreased activity of PRKCE protein CTD PMID:15998240 NCBI chr 2:45,651,279...46,187,990
Ensembl chr 2:45,651,345...46,187,990 		JBrowse link
G PRKCG protein kinase C gamma decreases activity EXP Thiram results in decreased activity of PRKCG protein CTD PMID:15998240 NCBI chr19:53,881,094...53,907,652
Ensembl chr19:53,879,190...53,907,652 		JBrowse link
G PTGS2 prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 increases expression EXP Thiram results in increased expression of PTGS2 mRNA CTD PMID:19371601 NCBI chr 1:186,671,791...186,680,423
Ensembl chr 1:186,671,791...186,680,922 		JBrowse link
G S100P S100 calcium binding protein P increases expression EXP Thiram results in increased expression of S100P protein CTD PMID:32194361 NCBI chr 4:6,693,878...6,697,170
Ensembl chr 4:6,693,878...6,697,170 		JBrowse link
G SEL1L3 SEL1L family member 3 increases expression EXP Thiram results in increased expression of SEL1L3 mRNA CTD PMID:24211530 NCBI chr 4:25,713,964...25,863,566
Ensembl chr 4:25,747,433...25,863,760 		JBrowse link
G SFTPA1 surfactant protein A1 multiple interactions EXP Thiram inhibits the reaction [Dexamethasone results in decreased expression of SFTPA1 mRNA] CTD PMID:16857225 NCBI chr10:79,610,939...79,615,455
Ensembl chr10:79,610,939...79,615,455 		JBrowse link
G SFTPB surfactant protein B multiple interactions EXP Thiram inhibits the reaction [Dexamethasone results in increased expression of SFTPB mRNA] CTD PMID:16857225 NCBI chr 2:85,657,307...85,668,741
Ensembl chr 2:85,657,314...85,668,741 		JBrowse link
G SLC7A11 solute carrier family 7 member 11 increases expression EXP Thiram results in increased expression of SLC7A11 mRNA CTD PMID:24211530 NCBI chr 4:138,164,097...138,312,671
Ensembl chr 4:138,164,097...138,242,349 		JBrowse link
G SQSTM1 sequestosome 1 increases expression EXP Thiram results in increased expression of SQSTM1 mRNA CTD PMID:24211530 NCBI chr 5:179,806,393...179,838,078
Ensembl chr 5:179,806,398...179,838,078 		JBrowse link
G SYNE2 spectrin repeat containing nuclear envelope protein 2 decreases expression EXP Thiram results in decreased expression of SYNE2 mRNA CTD PMID:24211530 NCBI chr14:63,761,596...64,226,449
Ensembl chr14:63,761,899...64,226,433 		JBrowse link
G TGFB1 transforming growth factor beta 1 decreases activity EXP Thiram results in decreased activity of TGFB1 protein CTD PMID:31652400 NCBI chr19:41,330,323...41,353,922
Ensembl chr19:41,301,587...41,353,922 		JBrowse link
G TNF tumor necrosis factor increases expression
multiple interactions		 EXP Thiram results in increased expression of TNF mRNA
Thiram inhibits the reaction [TNF protein results in decreased expression of PECAM1 protein]; Thiram inhibits the reaction [TNF protein results in increased expression of VCAM1 protein]; Thiram promotes the reaction [TNF protein results in increased expression of ICAM1 protein]		 CTD PMID:20385217 PMID:25752435 NCBI chr 6:31,575,565...31,578,336
Ensembl chr 6:31,575,565...31,578,336 		JBrowse link
G TNNT2 troponin T2, cardiac type decreases expression EXP Thiram results in decreased expression of TNNT2 mRNA CTD PMID:24211530 NCBI chr 1:201,359,014...201,377,680
Ensembl chr 1:201,359,008...201,377,764 		JBrowse link
G TRIM16L tripartite motif containing 16 like (pseudogene) increases expression EXP Thiram results in increased expression of TRIM16L mRNA CTD PMID:24211530 NCBI chr17:18,697,998...18,736,112
Ensembl chr17:18,722,237...18,735,460
Ensembl chr17:18,722,237...18,735,460 		JBrowse link
G TXNRD1 thioredoxin reductase 1 increases expression ISO
EXP		 Thiram results in increased expression of TXNRD1 mRNA CTD PMID:23445166 PMID:24211530 NCBI chr12:104,215,779...104,350,307
Ensembl chr12:104,215,779...104,350,307 		JBrowse link
G UBA1 ubiquitin like modifier activating enzyme 1 multiple interactions EXP Thiram results in decreased activity of and results in decreased ubiquitination of UBA1 protein CTD PMID:25714994 NCBI chr  X:47,190,847...47,215,128
Ensembl chr  X:47,190,861...47,215,128 		JBrowse link
G VCAM1 vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 multiple interactions EXP Thiram inhibits the reaction [TNF protein results in increased expression of VCAM1 protein] CTD PMID:25752435 NCBI chr 1:100,719,742...100,739,045
Ensembl chr 1:100,719,742...100,739,045 		JBrowse link
Term paths to the root
Path 1
Term Annotations click to browse term
  CHEBI ontology 26034
    role 25961
      application 25172
        pesticide 20545
          antifungal agrochemical 10998
            thiram 64
Path 2
Term Annotations click to browse term
  CHEBI ontology 26034
    subatomic particle 26009
      composite particle 26009
        hadron 26020
          baryon 26009
            nucleon 26009
              atomic nucleus 26009
                atom 26009
                  main group element atom 25834
                    p-block element atom 25834
                      carbon group element atom 25434
                        carbon atom 25403
                          organic molecular entity 25392
                            heteroorganic entity 24766
                              organochalcogen compound 24378
                                organosulfur compound 19531
                                  thiocarbonyl compound 7793
                                    dithiocarbamic acids 423
                                      dimethyldithiocarbamic acid 149
                                        thiram 64
paths to the root