chitosan - Ontology Report - Rat Genome Database

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The Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI) ontology is downloaded weekly from EMBL-EBI at http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/. The data is made available under the Creative Commons License (CC BY 3.0, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/). For more information see: Degtyarenko et al. (2008) ChEBI: a database and ontology for chemical entities of biological interest. Nucleic Acids Res. 36, D344–D350.

Term:	chitosan	go back to main search page
Accession:	CHEBI:16261	browse the term
Definition:	An aminoglycan consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked D-glucosamine residues.
Synonyms:	exact_synonym:	(1->4)-2-amino-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucan
	related_synonym:	Deacetylchitin; Formula=H2O(C6H11NO4)n; [4)-beta-D-GlcpN(1->]n; beta-1,4-Poly-D-glucosamine; poliglusam
	alt_id:	CHEBI:13964; CHEBI:3599
	xref:	CAS:9012-76-4; DrugBank:DB14155; FooDB:FDB015634; HMDB:HMDB0003404; KEGG:C00734; KEGG:G10536
	xref_mesh:	MESH:D048271
	xref:	MetaCyc:Chitosan; PMID:33208634; PMID:34885715; PMID:36076877; PMID:36191784; PMID:36315326; PMID:36362923; PMID:36431043; PMID:36437390; PMID:36449553; PMID:36501559; PMID:36547302; PMID:36547931; Pesticides:chitosan; Wikipedia:Chitosan
	cyclic_relationship:	is_conjugate_base_of CHEBI:57704

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Rat (63) Mouse (62) Human (63) Chinchilla (0) Bonobo (0) Dog (0) Squirrel (0) Pig (0) Green Monkey (0) Naked Mole-rat (0) All
Genes (63)

chitosan

term browser

Symbol

Object Name

Qualifiers

Evidence

Notes

Source

PubMed Reference(s)

RGD Reference(s)

Position

G

ATP binding cassette subfamily A member 1

multiple interactions

[Chitosan co-treated with Fish Oils] inhibits the reaction [Dietary Fats results in decreased expression of ABCA1 mRNA]; Chitosan inhibits the reaction [Dietary Fats results in decreased expression of ABCA1 mRNA]

NCBI chr 5:72,473,676...72,596,563
Ensembl chr 5:67,681,297...67,801,170

G

AKT serine/threonine kinase 1

multiple interactions
decreases phosphorylation

[Cromolyn Sodium co-treated with Chitosan] inhibits the reaction [Dimethylhydrazines results in increased expression of AKT1 protein]
Chitosan results in decreased phosphorylation of AKT1 protein

PMID:28732690 PMID:36706893

NCBI chr 6:137,534,810...137,555,131
Ensembl chr 6:131,713,720...131,733,921

G

aminolevulinate dehydratase

multiple interactions

[Curcumin co-treated with Chitosan analog] inhibits the reaction [Arsenic results in decreased activity of ALAD protein]

NCBI chr 5:80,977,562...80,987,901
Ensembl chr 5:75,961,993...75,972,474

G

alkaline phosphatase, biomineralization associated

increases expression

Chitosan results in increased expression of ALPL mRNA; Chitosan results in increased expression of ALPL protein

NCBI chr 5:155,234,770...155,289,785
Ensembl chr 5:149,951,409...150,006,446

G

aldehyde oxidase 1

multiple interactions

[Chitosan co-treated with Fish Oils] inhibits the reaction [Dietary Fats results in decreased expression of AOX1 mRNA]; Chitosan inhibits the reaction [Dietary Fats results in decreased expression of AOX1 mRNA]

NCBI chr 9:67,073,831...67,152,980
Ensembl chr 9:59,579,649...59,658,770

G

ARB2 cotranscriptional regulator A

multiple interactions
increases expression

ARB2A protein affects the reaction [Chitosan results in decreased expression of CPE protein]; ARB2A protein affects the reaction [Chitosan results in decreased expression of MMP9 protein]; ARB2A protein affects the reaction [Chitosan results in decreased phosphorylation of MAPK1 protein]; ARB2A protein affects the reaction [Chitosan results in decreased phosphorylation of MAPK3 protein]
Chitosan results in increased expression of ARB2A mRNA

NCBI chr 2:9,289,694...9,753,991
Ensembl chr 2:7,553,891...8,018,162

G

BCL2 associated X, apoptosis regulator

multiple interactions

[Fluorouracil co-treated with Chitosan co-treated with polyaspartate] results in increased expression of BAX protein
[Rutin co-treated with Chitosan] inhibits the reaction [Cyclophosphamide results in increased expression of BAX mRNA]; Chitosan analog inhibits the reaction [Doxorubicin results in increased expression of BAX protein]

PMID:18567086 PMID:30928397 PMID:38211767

NCBI chr 1:105,076,472...105,081,906
Ensembl chr 1:95,938,808...95,945,368

G

BCL2, apoptosis regulator

multiple interactions

[Fluorouracil co-treated with Chitosan co-treated with polyaspartate] results in decreased expression of BCL2 protein
[Cromolyn Sodium co-treated with Chitosan] inhibits the reaction [Dimethylhydrazines results in increased expression of BCL2 protein]; [Rutin co-treated with Chitosan] inhibits the reaction [Cyclophosphamide results in decreased expression of BCL2 mRNA]; Chitosan analog inhibits the reaction [Doxorubicin results in decreased expression of BCL2 protein]

PMID:18567086 PMID:28732690 PMID:30928397 PMID:38211767

NCBI chr13:23,204,464...23,366,900
Ensembl chr13:22,684,989...22,853,743
Ensembl chr13:22,684,989...22,853,743

G

bone gamma-carboxyglutamate protein

increases expression

Chitosan results in increased expression of BGLAP mRNA

NCBI chr 2:176,136,341...176,137,318
Ensembl chr 2:173,838,518...173,839,495

G

caspase 2

multiple interactions

Chitosan promotes the reaction [Curcumin inhibits the reaction [fenpropathrin results in increased expression of CASP2 mRNA]]

NCBI chr 4:72,116,265...72,134,023
Ensembl chr 4:71,149,669...71,167,379

G

caspase 3

multiple interactions

Chitosan metabolite inhibits the reaction [Copper results in increased activity of CASP3 protein]
Chitosan analog inhibits the reaction [Doxorubicin results in increased expression of CASP3 protein]; Chitosan inhibits the reaction [carbendazim results in increased expression of CASP3 protein]; Chitosan promotes the reaction [Curcumin inhibits the reaction [fenpropathrin results in increased expression of CASP3 mRNA]]

PMID:25542178 PMID:30928397 PMID:35705592 PMID:38369055

NCBI chr16:52,395,539...52,413,794
Ensembl chr16:45,662,910...45,684,648

G

caspase 7

multiple interactions

Chitosan promotes the reaction [Curcumin inhibits the reaction [fenpropathrin results in increased expression of CASP7 mRNA]]

NCBI chr 1:265,442,647...265,481,938
Ensembl chr 1:255,437,172...255,476,729

G

caspase 9

multiple interactions

Chitosan analog inhibits the reaction [Doxorubicin results in increased expression of CASP9 protein]

Ensembl chr 5:154,109,046...154,126,626

G

catalase

multiple interactions

[Chitosan analog co-treated with Quercetin] inhibits the reaction [ochratoxin A results in decreased activity of CAT protein]; [Curcumin co-treated with Chitosan analog] inhibits the reaction [Arsenic results in decreased activity of CAT protein]; Chitosan analog inhibits the reaction [Doxorubicin results in decreased activity of CAT protein]; Chitosan analog inhibits the reaction [ochratoxin A results in decreased activity of CAT protein]; Chitosan inhibits the reaction [carbendazim results in decreased expression of CAT protein]; Chitosan inhibits the reaction [Carbon Tetrachloride results in decreased activity of CAT protein]

PMID:12679053 PMID:22704994 PMID:27923682 PMID:30928397 PMID:35705592

NCBI chr 3:110,297,340...110,329,526
Ensembl chr 3:89,842,399...89,874,478

G

C-type lectin domain containing 7A

multiple interactions
decreases expression

Chitosan inhibits the reaction [Lipopolysaccharides results in decreased expression of CLEC7A mRNA]
Chitosan results in decreased expression of CLEC7A mRNA

NCBI chr 4:164,588,737...164,599,953
Ensembl chr 4:162,902,732...162,913,897

G

collagen type XV alpha 1 chain

decreases expression

Chitosan results in decreased expression of COL15A1 mRNA

NCBI chr 5:61,501,963...61,607,591
Ensembl chr 5:61,501,963...61,607,591

G

carboxypeptidase E

decreases expression
multiple interactions

Chitosan results in decreased expression of CPE mRNA; Chitosan results in decreased expression of CPE protein
ARB2A protein affects the reaction [Chitosan results in decreased expression of CPE protein]

NCBI chr16:29,796,707...29,908,647
Ensembl chr16:25,030,276...25,142,233

G

catenin beta 1

multiple interactions

[Cromolyn Sodium co-treated with Chitosan] inhibits the reaction [Dimethylhydrazines results in increased expression of CTNNB1 protein]

NCBI chr 8:129,517,576...129,544,661
Ensembl chr 8:120,639,995...120,667,111

G

cytochrome P450, family 11, subfamily a, polypeptide 1

multiple interactions

[Rutin co-treated with Chitosan] inhibits the reaction [Cyclophosphamide results in decreased expression of CYP11A1 mRNA]

NCBI chr 8:67,318,665...67,330,196
Ensembl chr 8:58,404,669...58,434,338

G

cytochrome P450, family 3, subfamily a, polypeptide 2

increases activity

Chitosan analog results in increased activity of CYP3A4 protein

NCBI chr12:14,321,771...14,343,886
Ensembl chr12:9,015,383...9,285,008

G

cytochrome P450 family 7 subfamily A member 1

multiple interactions

Chitosan inhibits the reaction [Dietary Fats results in increased expression of CYP7A1 mRNA]; Fish Oils promotes the reaction [Chitosan inhibits the reaction [Dietary Fats results in increased expression of CYP7A1 mRNA]]

NCBI chr 5:24,174,505...24,184,202
Ensembl chr 5:19,376,974...19,386,688

G

dickkopf WNT signaling pathway inhibitor 1

increases expression

Chitosan results in increased expression of DKK1 mRNA

NCBI chr 1:237,794,969...237,798,650
Ensembl chr 1:228,381,521...228,385,202

G

fatty acid binding protein 4

multiple interactions

[Fish Oils co-treated with Chitosan] inhibits the reaction [Dietary Fats results in increased expression of FABP4 mRNA]; Chitosan inhibits the reaction [Dietary Fats results in increased expression of FABP4 mRNA]

NCBI chr 2:93,488,251...93,492,961
Ensembl chr 2:91,580,885...91,585,578

G

fatty acid synthase

multiple interactions

[Fish Oils co-treated with Chitosan] inhibits the reaction [Dietary Fats results in increased expression of FASN mRNA]; Chitosan inhibits the reaction [Dietary Fats results in increased expression of FASN mRNA]

NCBI chr10:106,570,415...106,588,581
Ensembl chr10:106,072,091...106,090,261

G

forkhead box O3

decreases phosphorylation

Chitosan results in decreased phosphorylation of FOXO3 protein

NCBI chr20:47,251,968...47,348,254
Ensembl chr20:45,672,995...45,764,561

G

glucagon

increases expression
increases secretion
multiple interactions

Chitosan results in increased expression of GCG mRNA
Chitosan results in increased secretion of GCG protein
SB 203580 inhibits the reaction [Chitosan results in increased expression of GCG mRNA]; SB 203580 inhibits the reaction [Chitosan results in increased secretion of GCG protein]

NCBI chr 3:67,522,489...67,531,533
Ensembl chr 3:47,113,914...47,122,929

G

glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 1

multiple interactions

Chitosan inhibits the reaction [carbendazim results in increased secretion of GOT1 protein]

NCBI chr 1:252,306,541...252,337,622
Ensembl chr 1:242,357,306...242,380,633

G

glutamic--pyruvic transaminase

multiple interactions

Chitosan inhibits the reaction [carbendazim results in increased secretion of GPT protein]

NCBI chr 7:110,295,599...110,300,134
Ensembl chr 7:108,416,642...108,419,494

G

glutathione peroxidase 1

increases expression
multiple interactions

Chitosan analog results in increased expression of GPX1 mRNA
[Chitosan analog co-treated with Quercetin] inhibits the reaction [ochratoxin A results in decreased expression of GPX1 mRNA]; [Chitosan analog co-treated with Quercetin] results in increased expression of GPX1 mRNA; Chitosan analog inhibits the reaction [ochratoxin A results in decreased expression of GPX1 mRNA]

NCBI chr 8:117,905,462...117,906,588
Ensembl chr 8:109,026,905...109,028,024

G

gasdermin D

multiple interactions

Chitosan promotes the reaction [Curcumin inhibits the reaction [fenpropathrin results in decreased expression of GSDMD mRNA]]

NCBI chr 7:109,423,209...109,427,771
Ensembl chr 7:107,542,083...107,547,055

G

glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta

multiple interactions

[Cromolyn Sodium co-treated with Chitosan] inhibits the reaction [Dimethylhydrazines results in increased expression of GSK3B protein]

NCBI chr11:76,004,502...76,154,665
Ensembl chr11:62,504,316...62,648,646

G

glutathione-disulfide reductase

multiple interactions

Chitosan analog inhibits the reaction [Doxorubicin results in decreased expression of GSR mRNA]

NCBI chr16:65,185,574...65,228,742
Ensembl chr16:58,482,505...58,525,661

G

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase

multiple interactions

[Fish Oils co-treated with Chitosan] inhibits the reaction [Dietary Fats results in increased expression of HMGCR mRNA]; Chitosan inhibits the reaction [Dietary Fats results in increased expression of HMGCR mRNA]

NCBI chr 2:29,732,163...29,754,276
Ensembl chr 2:27,997,525...28,019,703

G

heme oxygenase 1

multiple interactions

[Chitosan metabolite results in decreased susceptibility to Copper] which results in increased expression of HMOX1 mRNA; [Chitosan metabolite results in decreased susceptibility to Copper] which results in increased expression of HMOX1 protein
Chitosan analog inhibits the reaction [Doxorubicin results in decreased expression of HMOX1 mRNA]; Chitosan inhibits the reaction [carbendazim results in decreased expression of HMOX1 mRNA]

PMID:25542178 PMID:30928397 PMID:35705592

NCBI chr19:13,452,365...13,479,823
Ensembl chr19:13,467,244...13,474,079

G

interleukin 10

multiple interactions
increases secretion

Chitosan inhibits the reaction [Lipopolysaccharides results in increased secretion of IL10 protein]
Chitosan results in increased secretion of IL10 protein

NCBI chr13:45,024,921...45,029,586
Ensembl chr13:42,472,839...42,477,313

G

interleukin 1 beta

multiple interactions

Chitosan promotes the reaction [Curcumin inhibits the reaction [fenpropathrin results in increased expression of IL1B mRNA]]

NCBI chr 3:137,030,200...137,036,581
Ensembl chr 3:116,577,010...116,583,415

G

interleukin 6

increases secretion
multiple interactions

Chitosan results in increased secretion of IL6 protein
Chitosan inhibits the reaction [Lipopolysaccharides results in increased secretion of IL6 protein]

NCBI chr 4:5,889,999...5,894,575
Ensembl chr 4:5,213,394...5,219,178

G

Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1

multiple interactions

Chitosan inhibits the reaction [carbendazim results in increased expression of KEAP1 mRNA]

NCBI chr 8:28,044,555...28,054,042
Ensembl chr 8:19,768,375...19,777,862

G

mitogen activated protein kinase 1

multiple interactions
decreases phosphorylation

ARB2A protein affects the reaction [Chitosan results in decreased phosphorylation of MAPK1 protein]

NCBI chr11:97,462,025...97,529,193
Ensembl chr11:83,957,813...84,023,616

G

mitogen activated protein kinase 3

multiple interactions
decreases phosphorylation

[Cromolyn Sodium co-treated with Chitosan] inhibits the reaction [Dimethylhydrazines results in increased expression of MAPK3 protein]
Chitosan results in decreased phosphorylation of MAPK3 protein
ARB2A protein affects the reaction [Chitosan results in decreased phosphorylation of MAPK3 protein]

PMID:28732690 PMID:36706893

NCBI chr 1:190,797,189...190,803,411
Ensembl chr 1:181,366,637...181,372,863

G

matrix metallopeptidase 2

multiple interactions

Chitosan inhibits the reaction [Aminolevulinic Acid analog results in increased activity of MMP2 protein]

NCBI chr19:30,327,643...30,355,856
Ensembl chr19:14,154,657...14,182,870

G

matrix metallopeptidase 9

multiple interactions
decreases expression

ARB2A protein affects the reaction [Chitosan results in decreased expression of MMP9 protein]
Chitosan results in decreased expression of MMP9 mRNA; Chitosan results in decreased expression of MMP9 protein

NCBI chr 3:174,103,474...174,111,434
Ensembl chr 3:153,683,858...153,692,120

G

NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2

multiple interactions
affects localization

[Chitosan metabolite results in decreased susceptibility to Copper] which results in increased phosphorylation of NFE2L2 protein
[Rutin co-treated with Chitosan] inhibits the reaction [Cyclophosphamide results in decreased expression of NFE2L2 mRNA]; Chitosan analog inhibits the reaction [Doxorubicin affects the localization of NFE2L2 protein]; Chitosan inhibits the reaction [carbendazim results in decreased expression of NFE2L2 mRNA]; pyrazolanthrone inhibits the reaction [Chitosan analog inhibits the reaction [Doxorubicin affects the localization of NFE2L2 protein]]; SB 203580 inhibits the reaction [Chitosan analog inhibits the reaction [Doxorubicin affects the localization of NFE2L2 protein]]
Chitosan analog affects the localization of NFE2L2 protein

PMID:25542178 PMID:30928397 PMID:35705592 PMID:38211767

NCBI chr 3:81,001,529...81,031,165
Ensembl chr 3:60,594,242...60,621,737

G

NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3

multiple interactions

Chitosan promotes the reaction [Curcumin inhibits the reaction [fenpropathrin results in increased expression of NLRP3 mRNA]]

NCBI chr10:44,826,299...44,853,373
Ensembl chr10:44,328,566...44,352,811

G

nitric oxide synthase 2

multiple interactions

Chitosan inhibits the reaction [carbendazim results in increased expression of NOS2 protein]

NCBI chr10:64,313,335...64,349,221
Ensembl chr10:63,815,308...63,851,210

G

NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1

multiple interactions

Chitosan analog inhibits the reaction [Doxorubicin results in decreased expression of NQO1 mRNA]

NCBI chr19:52,205,374...52,220,267
Ensembl chr19:35,295,573...35,310,557

G

nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group H, member 3

multiple interactions

[Chitosan co-treated with Fish Oils] inhibits the reaction [Dietary Fats results in increased expression of NR1H3 protein]

NCBI chr 3:97,614,616...97,632,053
Ensembl chr 3:77,158,808...77,168,722

G

phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase, catalytic subunit alpha

decreases phosphorylation

Chitosan results in decreased phosphorylation of PIK3CA protein

NCBI chr 2:117,103,643...117,177,411
Ensembl chr 2:115,174,984...115,249,032

G

phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 1

decreases phosphorylation

Chitosan results in decreased phosphorylation of PIK3R1 protein

NCBI chr 2:34,612,946...34,697,660
Ensembl chr 2:32,882,032...32,963,631

G

peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha

multiple interactions

[Chitosan co-treated with Fish Oils] inhibits the reaction [Dietary Fats results in decreased expression of PPARA protein]

NCBI chr 7:118,712,261...118,780,723
Ensembl chr 7:116,832,756...116,895,346

G

PPARG coactivator 1 alpha

increases expression

Chitosan results in increased expression of PPARGC1A mRNA

NCBI chr14:63,073,505...63,729,215
Ensembl chr14:58,861,144...59,512,656

G

RELA proto-oncogene, NF-kB subunit

multiple interactions

[Cromolyn Sodium co-treated with Chitosan] inhibits the reaction [Dimethylhydrazines results in increased expression of RELA protein]; Chitosan promotes the reaction [Curcumin inhibits the reaction [fenpropathrin results in increased expression of RELA mRNA]]

PMID:28732690 PMID:38369055

NCBI chr 1:212,354,336...212,364,815
Ensembl chr 1:202,924,945...202,935,484

G

RUNX family transcription factor 2

increases expression

Chitosan results in increased expression of RUNX2 mRNA; Chitosan results in increased expression of RUNX2 protein

NCBI chr 9:23,661,278...23,990,248
Ensembl chr 9:16,167,482...16,492,167

G

superoxide dismutase 1

multiple interactions
increases expression

[Chitosan analog co-treated with Quercetin] results in increased expression of SOD1 mRNA; Chitosan analog inhibits the reaction [Doxorubicin results in decreased expression of SOD1 mRNA]
Chitosan analog results in increased expression of SOD1 mRNA

PMID:27923682 PMID:30928397

NCBI chr11:42,942,742...42,948,399
Ensembl chr11:29,456,558...29,462,249

G

SPARC like 1

decreases expression

Chitosan results in decreased expression of SPARCL1 mRNA

NCBI chr14:5,937,484...5,968,532
Ensembl chr14:5,632,569...5,663,865

G

secreted phosphoprotein 1

increases expression

Chitosan results in increased expression of SPP1 mRNA

NCBI chr14:5,613,569...5,620,695
Ensembl chr14:5,308,885...5,315,162

G

sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1

multiple interactions

[Fish Oils co-treated with Chitosan] inhibits the reaction [Dietary Fats results in increased expression of SREBF1 mRNA]; Chitosan inhibits the reaction [Dietary Fats results in increased expression of SREBF1 mRNA]

NCBI chr10:45,507,152...45,529,164
Ensembl chr10:45,007,637...45,029,650

G

steroidogenic acute regulatory protein

multiple interactions

[Rutin co-treated with Chitosan] inhibits the reaction [Cyclophosphamide results in decreased expression of STAR mRNA]

NCBI chr16:72,969,824...72,974,447
Ensembl chr16:66,264,807...66,271,672

G

tyrosine hydroxylase

multiple interactions

[Curcumin co-treated with Chitosan analog] inhibits the reaction [Arsenic results in decreased expression of TH protein]

NCBI chr 1:207,500,959...207,508,276
Ensembl chr 1:198,071,503...198,109,767

G

toll-like receptor 2

multiple interactions
decreases expression

Chitosan inhibits the reaction [Lipopolysaccharides results in decreased expression of TLR2 mRNA]
Chitosan results in decreased expression of TLR2 mRNA

NCBI chr 2:171,499,189...171,504,831
Ensembl chr 2:169,197,419...169,206,630

G

toll-like receptor 4

decreases expression
multiple interactions

Chitosan results in decreased expression of TLR4 mRNA
Chitosan inhibits the reaction [Lipopolysaccharides results in decreased expression of TLR4 mRNA]

NCBI chr 5:85,161,247...85,174,882
Ensembl chr 5:80,145,826...80,159,628

G

tumor necrosis factor

multiple interactions
increases secretion

Chitosan inhibits the reaction [Lipopolysaccharides results in increased secretion of TNF protein]
Chitosan results in increased secretion of TNF protein

NCBI chr20:3,626,685...3,629,303
Ensembl chr20:3,622,011...3,624,629

G

tryptophan hydroxylase 1

multiple interactions

[Curcumin co-treated with Chitosan analog] inhibits the reaction [Arsenic results in decreased expression of TPH1 protein]

NCBI chr 1:106,293,695...106,314,628
Ensembl chr 1:97,157,409...97,178,344

Term paths to the root

Path 1
Term	Annotations
CHEBI ontology	19909
role	19880
biological role	19878
biochemical role	19586
elicitor	63
chitosan	63
Path 2
Term	Annotations
CHEBI ontology	19909
subatomic particle	19907
composite particle	19907
hadron	19907
baryon	19907
nucleon	19907
atomic nucleus	19907
atom	19907
main group element atom	19846
p-block element atom	19846
carbon group element atom	19784
carbon atom	19781
organic molecular entity	19781
heteroorganic entity	19540
organochalcogen compound	19301
organooxygen compound	19216
carbohydrates and carbohydrate derivatives	15321
carbohydrate	15321
polysaccharide	8310
polysaccharide derivative	5274
aminoglycan	415
chitosan	63

paths to the root