RGD Reference Report - Polymorphisms of the dopamine D4 receptor, clinical outcome, and cortical structure in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. - Rat Genome Database

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Polymorphisms of the dopamine D4 receptor, clinical outcome, and cortical structure in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Authors: Shaw, Philip  Gornick, Michele  Lerch, Jason  Addington, Anjene  Seal, Jeffrey  Greenstein, Deanna  Sharp, Wendy  Evans, Alan  Giedd, Jay N  Castellanos, F Xavier  Rapoport, Judith L 
Citation: Shaw P, etal., Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007 Aug;64(8):921-31.
RGD ID: 13210507
Pubmed: PMID:17679637   (View Abstract at PubMed)
DOI: DOI:10.1001/archpsyc.64.8.921   (Journal Full-text)


CONTEXT: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most heritable neuropsychiatric disorders, and a polymorphism within the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) gene has been frequently implicated in its pathogenesis.
OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of the 7-repeat microsatellite in the DRD4 gene on clinical outcome and cortical development in ADHD. We drew comparisons with a single nucleotide polymorphism in the dopamine D1 receptor (DRD1) gene, which was associated with ADHD within our cohort, and a polymorphism within the dopamine transporter (DAT1) gene, reported to have additive effects with the DRD4 7-repeat allele.
DESIGN: Longitudinal cohort study.
SETTING: National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
PARTICIPANTS: One hundred five children (with 222 neuroanatomical magnetic resonance images) with ADHD (mean age at entry, 10.1 years) and 103 healthy controls (total of 220 magnetic resonance images). Sixty-seven subjects with ADHD (64%) had follow-up clinical evaluations (mean follow-up, 6 years).
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Cortical thickness across the cerebrum and presence of DSM-IV-defined ADHD at follow-up.
RESULTS: Possession of the DRD4 7-repeat allele was associated with a thinner right orbitofrontal/inferior prefrontal and posterior parietal cortex. This overlapped with regions that were generally thinner in subjects with ADHD compared with controls. Participants with ADHD carrying the DRD4 7-repeat allele had a better clinical outcome and a distinct trajectory of cortical development. This group showed normalization of the right parietal cortical region, a pattern that we have previously linked with better clinical outcome. By contrast, there were no significant effects of the DRD1 or DAT1 polymorphisms on clinical outcome or cortical development.
CONCLUSIONS: The DRD4 7-repeat allele, which is widely associated with a diagnosis of ADHD, and in our cohort with better clinical outcome, is associated with cortical thinning in regions important in attentional control. This regional thinning is most apparent in childhood and largely resolves during adolescence.

RGD Manual Disease Annotations    Click to see Annotation Detail View
TermQualifierEvidenceWithReferenceNotesSourceOriginal Reference(s)
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder severityIAGP 13210507DNA:duplication:exon:g.2689_2737dup (human)RGD 
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder severityISODRD4 (Homo sapiens)13210507; 13210507DNA:duplication:exon:g.2689_2737dup (human)RGD 

Phenotype Annotations    Click to see Annotation Detail View

Manual Human Phenotype Annotations - RGD

TermQualifierEvidenceWithReferenceNotesSourceOriginal Reference(s)
Anxiety severityIAGP 13210507DNA:duplication:exon:g.2689_2737dupRGD 
Cognitive impairment severityIAGP 13210507DNA:duplication:exon:g.2689_2737dupRGD 
Hyperactivity severityIAGP 13210507DNA:duplication:exon:g.2689_2737dupRGD 
Oppositional defiant disorder severityIAGP 13210507DNA:duplication:exon:g.2689_2737dupRGD 
Objects Annotated

Genes (Rattus norvegicus)
Drd4  (dopamine receptor D4)

Genes (Mus musculus)
Drd4  (dopamine receptor D4)

Genes (Homo sapiens)
DRD4  (dopamine receptor D4)


Additional Information